English
This is formed with the aid of Literary or Colloquial (the Perfect Root), Imperatives of the ver b To allow, added in Colloquial to the Root, or, in Literature, to the Terminative case of the Infinitive. 222 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Thus : — cr^cxf tXi^-qsq| T c'^c-cr^-q^qj-S^ | (5T1*) ^=T|^J'CT|<3jCX’ or 3frpr |^-1 C^q^q^* (Bc T) ^c-| P^C’^Wyq5ir £e< Arm ft, first. | me 6e first. I I c*r j§^ ^ q §cq- fj-utjc;• psTC'^csF^-q^qi-qj-^'ci^’, or q§d]'DT"C^ | / sfta// <?< let thee be first. W ill he let me be first ? Literary. C^C’Cr05^’I^§q|-Sqj | Or :—The root of the verb Sf^'ET may be put in the tenninntive ease, and the auxiliary verb cn^JOTq’ used. Thus :_ yJ^*^*q]S|Q4*3f | Pray let me be first ; I bey you (o ' 1 J 1 let me be first. \ Let me be first. ) Permissive This is formed with the aid of £l|*q* To b(t "Hawed. Thus :— ^ <5^ or | / may be here. / am allowed to "— cv -v— be here . 13 ^^ ' or * q I'*T^ q l I Thou art allowed to he here. Q* * q T S7 l' f VS q | 1 He is allowed to be here. O ^ or n-C- | / was allowed to he here. or Cv TIBETAN GRAMMAR, ->23 Negatively : — or r*r / 1<w „„, a „ omd . etc. Sir | •Si'S'q | ) , ^ f 1 may not he here* / #zj/j im/ nUowed to h* i^^pSp^ ] \ here ’ l May I f here • he here? Ant / alltnred to he Interrogatively :— - i ca,^5-S^-si-*oj-Lq5)| c | j or tq- Was 1 not allowed to he here / ?£'C*q Optative. Am / not allowed to he hete f This is formed with the aid of the Imperative of V^Z *q ' To come ,. Thus :— c- (or) ^3f<v ( er ) ^ I Oh, or Would, that 1 irere there. The construction is the same for all persons. In Literary Tibetan :— c- (<V) ^-5js-ciV3^ 1 Would / were there. And so for all persons. Infinitive. ^*CJ| To he present. To exist. Or, attributively, To he anything (e.g., good). SJ^'q^q | To have been t etc. ( or 3fc*gf ) | To he about to he. In Literary Tibetan the Infinitive is also Sfe'CT but it js often y^'q^' Thus: — seen in the terminative ease, a-< 224 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. I'V? ''' ( or ^ We *<■' thou art a teacher. That is. We know thee to be a Again :— teacher. ( or cX,’^ C]^* ) Whom makest thou thyself ? Literally, Who thinkest thou that CKJSlj thou art ? That is, Who thinkest thou thyself to be ? Colloquially these would be : — 13^' ( or Wj’CJ' ) We know thee to be a teacher. 15*^1 3^^ ^*i\T^*CT ( or J Who thinkest thou thyself TO be ? i Sometimes the plain root is found in Literary Tibetan used in an Infinitive sense. Thus: — q-yy The ,, supposing him to be (Jhave , keen, or that he was) in the com- ^ ^ | pamj (Luke ii. 44). Wheie mandatory Imperative verbs like Tell, or Order , govern (in English) an Infinitive, the proper way of rendering the phrase in Tibetan is to turn the Infinitive into an Imperative. Thus :_ poi g-q-q-g^ojq | Tdl ](im no( (Q he [aU F 3 ^ Order them to he here at dawn. ojq| Participles. having only one root, the Present and Past Participles are tin- same and exactly like the Infinitive. Thus :_ Being ; Been. to hi The Compound Perfect Participle is y^'q*y5<5*q* Having been. In Colloquial the Future Participle is Usfc’cf]* or About TIBETAN grammar. Periphrastic Participle ;_ In the Colloquial this is f or animates, aIld ,„ r inanimates, the former meaning who i, or ,w. or which ,> or and the latter reWt or an.,. It is really used as a kind of adjective. Examples ;— K* or *qyq=i|-cj- 5 c • 2 f 3j^ ■ ^ • Wl / itxifit n sptixihI who 1 a h(>fi £a 7 £ J‘ £ >-er^ e > I 1 his horse is a fleet one {one t / 1 / is fleet). 1 or knife w a blunt one. The Past is similarly constructed. Thus :_ l w<l nt the servant who u^ts -v— honest. 1 Hie Future may he constructed like the Present. Thus :— Q Cf ^Tp<3j / want a servant who will be - honest. Wl Or thus - • 03 ■ ^n55'q|-‘cf 5Z • £ip3j * - 5 =r ] 5 ^ | Or ; — -•01-ysfSfc-g^- (or Ditto. Ditto, In Literary 'I'ibetan the Present Participle is also or other variant of the verb To be. Examples :— F^’ P-'^p' ^'Sp =^-oj' q r w 'jftT i / speak to you who are in this >~oorn. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 22t> q-g-a^- q* ^ c<3f q* WT %*=& I *^rq1 | ^•cj*ajq]^|-ci§ k - ^^Tj5pqS=r|* ^]^qc*g^'uT^‘ q*5C’! ^rwf^q^cr | C’Sf' * •^•qSsrq-^c*^* cf ^cr^’^’o^'q^'T | And whatsoever is {that which is) more than this is of the evil one (Matt v. 37). Holy , holy, holy, Lord God, Al¬ mighty , which teas and which is (Rev. iv. 8). I atn. . . . which is, and which tea * I and which is to come. As the above examples show, the Past construction is similar, the context giving the tense. The Literary Future for the Periphrastic Participle follows the lines of the Colloquial. Other Literary Participial Expressions. ^ t K’SC Present. Being ; as, since, when, after, while. ..is, are. <£ At the time of being : when, while. ..is, are. ys,C \* <3 i' In or by being ; if, when. ..is, are. ysj^' 04 ’ Being. y — * ^ ^ ^54 Though, since, because. ..is. are. or For being Past M t ^ , ^ ( y^-api- i Having been ; as, since, when, after . .. u-as, were. Because, since, when...was, were ; Having been After , since, because, when... was, ivere. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. In or by having been • if, when...was, were. Having been ; as, since, when, after. . .was, were. Other Colloquial Participial Expressions. Present. ot As, since, because , etc. is, are. ' At the lime °f bein O ; '*<, while... is, are. sd In or by being; if, when...is, are. STSW Being. -v— f For beinn. UsfSv'OJ' 1 ufc'q^c* 5^-q’0(r Past. ) f Because, si nee, ivh en, a fter , J as , . jvas % trere. Supine. This is formed in Literature by putting the Infinitive in the Ter- ininative case. Thus, To 6e . 0r jt may be , orme( , by putting the Root in the same case. Thus * To be In Colloquial the supines are and Verbal Noun. In Literary Tibetan q To be, is often seen turned* into a Gerund, or Verbal Noun, by the addition of the Definite Article S', o r &\, or sometimes both. Thus y^'q'^ ysj^’q’dj^ The being , 2 2S TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Example :— nix CM Master, it is good for us to be here. ' ’ ” 1 Literally, The being here is good (Matt.' xvii. 4). The Colloquial Verbal Noun is simply the Infinitive with or without Example :— Lord , the being here is good for us. ^ 36. The Verb 4 To Have/ O' Like the Latin Mini est, or the Russian U menya yest, There is !<> we, this verb in Tibetan is merely an adaptation of the Substantive Verb To be, with the subject put in the dative. But whereas, in Latin and Russian, this construction is onlv an alternative one. in Tibetan it is the only idiom used. Examples: / have a mother. I have not a father. Once l had a gun. ] That country will not have a king. And so throughout the conjugation. Periphrastic Examples :— g^-nraEj^-g^^-cr^l 'O 5TarEX^*q*^ ] Participle. The faith which thou hast. The faith which thou hadst. The faith which thou wilt have. He that hath. He that hath not. Even that which he ha th (ib.). ! (Matt, xxv. ,9, TIB ETA N OKA MM A H. •> o § 87. wap’ To Be. Like tiiis verb is used to express direct affirmation, or, with a negative particle, direct negation, and also to connect anv subject 4 witli its attribute. It cannot, however, like ttfexj', h e used to ex press presence, or existence , or the idea of possession. In other words, though may be employed in every case in which is used, vet Cv _ "T never takes the place of | It may be conjugated thus:— Present Indicative. C’ttjqfSryWj ] Affirmative. / am good g^’^d]*zq*^cT]' , or occasionally ) ^ ^ C Thou art good Very rarely J p-Uiqpq-^| Or, occasionally:— I prc^JCTj'CJ’Q^ETr or very rarely ^4^ | | He is good. ci-qsc’cr i Or occasionally:— Literary Tibetan. 1 am good, 1 \Thou art good. lie is gootl. The plural being the same as the singular, it is omitted. Honorific construction in Literary Tibetan : — (Xot used). I am good. I Thou art good. or He is good. or apprCTWE} 230 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Colloquial Negative . C for vulgarly | I am not good. or | Thou art not good . 'O p-c^xrsr^ | Or occasionally :— pcxjc7]*cf IrQ^cq | He is not good. Whether i Is h e good- ? 51^* is Literary t and both *1^* and Colloquial CH Literary or Colloquial it is best to use | Interrogative. or dwfCWT f Ami good? or Art thou good? p-^qj-cRy^sr, or S^-qsr, | or Or occasionally :— p r W|q|-?ra ( ^q]TI|*I- j or OAqfqpi ] j NS ) Literary. Am I good ? ^ <^5T 3 or | Art thou good ? >o p^ | Is he good ? N.B .—Jf and when, in the Colloquial, UsJ<5* is used with the 2nd person, it is generally when a question is being asked. It is hardly ever used in the Colloquial with the 3rd person, though it is not abso¬ lutely wrong so to use it. Im ei.fect Indicative. Same as Present Indicative, the context generally showing what that tense is. Thus : — r TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 231 | Yesterday I uas good. pi or ,, thou usist good. nS JEJ ^IC or occasionally ., he teas good. ^1 "*0 In Literary Tibetan the construction is similar, but of oourse the Literary forms of the verb must be used. Another method is similarly to rely on the context for the tense, Cv and to use W4^*CJ*Us!<S' for all persons, or to vary the last syllable according to the rule of the Present Indicative. Thus :—- W (Coii. gaj) 'M\ §pf (Co g3j‘) orgipiqref <WT. or tyers; | fpi" (Coll. rp Formerly I was good. i ) thou toast good. rr*<v, or i'v e nvy , ll •) 5 >j he tvas good .