English
" ijjt- ,,,d It means After , or When, and conveys also the idea of the Past Participle. Examples :— I i ;* zj' or He to them , my mother and my bro ¬ ther who is t 7 hns hart nr / said . (Matt. xii. 48, and elspwhert 1 ), N ht n your work is ft/ttshed you mil if go honii . . i ^354 ^54 '-, 9 ^ After eutia/j {hnrintj eaten) chhnti hazi rt you must set out- / have hem {having been) young. I was fomievly {having fonnevly been) in / hirje eh u g . Annexed thus to the Verbal Hoot, and followed by or Q^irr it indicates either the Pluperfect (active), or the Perfect (passive). Thus:— ^ or Q ~\ CT| | C-pC'CJ'ai-gaj-^^r | c* (flf) '/’he dyer hat/ eaten th* den. The deer has been eaten. I had gone home . I had been asked. In the roll-book it is (has been) written of me. (Heb. x 7 ). (8) , This particle has (perhaps) sometimes a Present but more often a Past signification, and is always found attached to the simple Participle in JCJ' or Z J\ It means From: or When . . . . ed; 250 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. or Being .... e/l ; or Having been > or .4s or While, followed by a Past tense ; or A* or While, followed by a Present Participle (in which case the root of the verb is often repeated, the particle q* or q' coining next, and then the ^54 )• or When on the point of: When about to; When going to ; Being at,out to, or on the point of , when used with Q^q* or CTja^r^Jl Examples: Ckjcp/q'rp; c^5'2^rq*aj^i | It hen they continued asking, i.e., again and again asked, him . (John viii. 7). <3j$T y^ai* * q^=q- p--^|3SI'^^C’qpp*=Ti^Z^rq*aiM I Thereupon as he passed by. (John ix. I). And he, having gone , and having associated teith a householder of that country, after having settled. (Luke xv. 15). Then Jesus, having begun again to teach by the seaside. (Mark iv. 1). And while he yet spake, (Matt, xxvi. 47). =q<^J ’ *>3] CT Sf~q 'a\ | ^Q v ^'^'CT|5,j.r§--a)-ukJ^-r s rai^ | q^^q’ ai*q^z*q* | When they were going (.4 s they went). (Matt, xxviii. 11). And the disciples as they went. (Mark ii. 23). There shall tico men be in the field, i.e. while being. (Matt. xxiv. 40). And they stoned Steven ; or .4*' or iohile they stoned, or were stoit ing Sfephen. (Acts vii. 59). cq^t* rq$r A After that , two of his disciples , having set out on a journey, as they were going to a country. (Mark xvi. 12). TIBETAN* GRAMMAR. y^z* ^=T]^' ^ * ujjsr 3C* ai*cq5cTl*§j^-5*q*5^*ci'ai^ | ^*1&* sC[' IRO? $c *5W ^C^C*g=I]*2T]5^*CJ’ OT£W (Present root) q*aj54 | 251 And as they went on their trot/ (Acts viii. 36). And while they, thus conversing, questioned each other, (Acts xx iv. 15). And Sou/, yet breathing out threatenings and slaughter against the fiord's disci jdes. (Acts ix. I). And when Haul was non ■ about t> o yen his mouth. (Acts xviii. 14). And should havt hern killed, i.e.. being about to he, or on the point of being killed, (Acts xxiii. -7). (9j—A'. This is expressive of condition, hypothesis, routing* ncy ami I p even doubt , and may be rendered by If, When,On,Since, .-Is, Should, Had, Were, etc. It is generally added to the Hoot, but sometimes (though not often) to the Infinitive, and is much used at the end ot verbal phrases both in the Colloquial and in the written language. Sometimes the phrase which it concludes is introduced by t lie expression ~ or synijy, but the subjunctive idea is in no way affected even it this expression be omitted. Examples of its use with the Root are given under (§ 35), and (§ ,‘S7). <5j' is also used in Literary Tibetan, ad versa tively, to express Though, Although. Thus:-— c ^'s^'§ q r si ‘s l s' er ^ q r%^ i [I though he teas for unrig a trans¬ gressor. (I> as.) It also expresses the idea of Reason for , or Causality . Thus: 1 Since this existed , that arose (Das.) TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 252 >0 NP C'orwJjc^'iipr^gij | Since fire exist e/1 , smoke arose. (Das.) (On) seeing me the thief fled. Used with it expresses When> or If and when. Thus:_ ^sr^iTonyw* | If and when , or when, I go. (Das.) If and when , or when the time comes, i c., tt corner down to the time. (Das.) (10) . Annexed to the Participle, this Suspensive may mean To , At, In ; With respect, regard, or reference to ; Concerning ; Relative to; In consequence of. Examples :— ^•q-a)-c(gsrq I To rejoice in killing. (Jaschke.) To shrink from , or he afraid of (i.e , with respect to) sinning. (Das.) Annexed to the Root, it may he used for the Present Participle a minor phrase, much like SC’ and its variants. Thus in ^^*1 ^ Denying himself and taking up his cross. It is also often used like hut annexed to the Participle, and meaning As. Examples : — zr ^ s. ■ q- [g*J- qr-B ^ a^-q-cn | As there is (was) an idol shrine. (Das.) As the king goes there daily to bathe. As it does not occur in the u'orld. (Jaschke.) TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Annexed to the Hoot, it is used adversatively for Though, Although. Example : — I Though looking, he did not „ p. Annexed to the Repeated Root, it expresses While, Whilst Example:— (crp-) 3^’ Whilst / am reading this Itook m>t* cv s down what / sat/ q^-g*r^cT| | t When annexed to adjectives, or includes the idea of the veil. To be, being indeed an abbreviation of Being , and >eeni~ t.. have the force of And, or But, according to circumstances Examples :— Hair and beard being yellow and long. (Das.) Being ugly as to his body and ot small stature and (or but) having a fine voice. (Das.) Being ugly and short. (Jaschke.) Being of good figure, nice to look at, and pretty. In double Imperative or Precative expressions, QJ* lias the force of tlie Present Participle, or of And, and is annexed to the root of the first verb. Examples: ^d]*ai^^r3ci| | Ootne and set (rotn i ng , see). s^c'ar§^*-£|=T| | . .Vow , rise and come hither come hither). {rising. 5sTc;*a|*^*s^ I > Go and look (going, look). TIBETAN GRAMMA It. 251 In sentences like the following, whereour Supine means In order to, or For the purpose of, annexed to the verbal Root, is used Supinally both in Literary Tibetan and in the Colloquial. Examples S' 3* ^£* fjw Sc* i (ii)—** Welt , / ant going to dine. The hop has come to get your letter. When connecting a verbal root with the auxiliary verb iwcr, or this particle forms, in modern Literary Tibetan, a Future tense which is practically a kind of periphrastic conjugation of m’ (as a Future Participle, About to .... ) with the auxiliary verb. Examples : — NP It is also used in oldiga f iou , e.r pediency, EXAMPLES : — I shall cotne ; I am about to come. He will not speak; He is not about to speak. older Literary Tibetan to express necessity , C'Q^*** | Ant / to come? J lust / come? SO ] He o tight not to beat the horse. Z. f^4 0^3 q | / have many things to ter He, In the Collotjuial ^T\ ^ annexed to the verbal Root, is extensively used for the Infinitive. Examples / do not >cish to go three. How far hare n e to walk to reach home ? TIBETAN GRAMMAR. _o; c-^-S^A-Jro^! (12)— (9) IVhui havt you (a sag? 7 here is nothing at all to stiff. lie plea sed to rise. Is there any sport (game) to he rtot h ere ? I do not n ish to he there. with or without the ^ ~' is also In tlie Colloquial this particle, extensively used, annexed to the Verbal Root, to express what eorre- pond to our Verbal Nouns in ing, i.e. the Latin Gerund. Examples :— ^•q-q s ^*y^ () ^’SZ'Cyfcr ^1 §j - wz -cf ^ T * swfivef ' {i3)—*y;* Roth in Literary Tibetan and in ■ after the Infinitive or Participle in When (carrying a Past signification) Past Participle. It is very confusing to raid the Literary language : The reading of the. Literary language, etc. It is very wrong to tell lies : Tin telling lies, etc. The second month ( Metrrh ) is 1 he time for selling {of selling) shares. Few people med learn this extra¬ ordinary language ; 7 'her* is no meaning of many pen pie haring to learn this , etc. the Colloquial this enclitic, used EJ' or may be rendered .Is, , and it also lias the force of t lie Ex \mpi.es And the Word he came {having become) flesh. (John i. 14). 25 G TIBETAN GRAMMAR. ^ sgarg* <§*5j^ar ^wq-'^cr | s Y^i'§^^‘f^*fa4’5rpW5iqdf£r y^*q*^c | There cometh a woman of Samaria (a woman of Samaria having come) to draw water. (John iv. ”)• I n the begin ning was th e Word {th e Word having been). (John i. I). } e shall see the heavens opened , and, etc. (The heavens having opened, ye shall see , etc.). (John i. 51). Then , in the calculator's computa¬ tions the year omens having been harm on io us. ^ , ^' q 19 q l 10r *-1 When' he has arrived {He having arrived) at the house of the family. When about a year had elapsed. When at last the wedding was over . d $ the big bell wa-s toiled, is often used and means In Literary Tibetan, especially in Western Tibet, C werundially with tlte Present Participle in Sw* §• otc In. When, W hile . etc Kxa.mtlk : ysjcf|' H hen singing, it is best to stand up. In Literary I i he tan usrd a" a himjliar form lion and en*reah/. , and especially of late in the Colloquial, it is t,f the imperative, and implies advice, exhorta- Ivx A MPI.ES : ^ ^^ | Oh , 4o ea, /ooil F^c-r vl _ .Jn* ( 3*T ) sc-1 Do learn your lesi son TIBETAN GRAMMAR 257 (14)—S* after C, *T, *T X after t ’\ 55T f after vowels. 5‘) *T after ?>T si rar after anything. These particles, as Verbal Auxiliaries, are extensively used in Literary Tibetan to express the Infinitive Future and the Supine.