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Because of which, while the eye-faculty dwells unrestrained, evil unwholesome states of covetousness and displeasure might flow in upon him, he does not practice for its restraint, he does not guard the eye-faculty, he does not undertake restraint in the eye-faculty. With the ear, sound having heard... having smelled a smell with the nose... having tasted a taste with the tongue... having felt a tangible with the body... having cognized a mental object with the mind, he grasps at the sign, he grasps at the details. Wherein, as he dwells with his mind-faculty unrestrained, evil unwholesome states of covetousness and distress might flow in, he does not practice for its restraint, he does not guard the mind-faculty, he does not undertake restraint of the mind-faculty – this is called "lack of restraint". (C) Immorality What is immorality there? Transgression by body, transgression by speech, transgression by body and speech – this is called "immorality". (33. A) Not wishing to see the noble ones 934. What is not wishing to see the noble ones there? Who are the noble ones there? The noble ones are called the Buddhas and the disciples of the Buddhas. That not wishing to see these noble ones, not wishing to behold, not wishing to meet, not wishing to associate – this is called "not wishing to see the noble ones". (B) Not wishing to hear the True Dhamma What is not wishing to hear the True Dhamma there? What is the True Dhamma there? The four foundations of mindfulness, the four right exertions, the four bases of psychic power, the five faculties, the five powers, the seven factors of awakening, the Noble Eightfold Path – this is called "the True Dhamma". That not wishing to hear this True Dhamma, not wishing to listen, not wishing to grasp, not wishing to retain – this is called "not wishing to hear the True Dhamma". (C) Fault-finding mind What is a fault-finding mind there? What is fault-finding there? That which is fault-finding, not-fault-finding, the act of finding fault, the act of not-finding-fault, the state of having not-found-fault, scorn, disdain, contempt, searching for flaws – this is called "a fault-finding mind". (34. A) Forgetfulness 935. What is forgetfulness there? That which is unmindfulness, not recollecting, not remembering, lack of mindfulness, not recalling, not retaining, losing, forgetting – this is called "forgetfulness". (B) Lack of clear comprehension ignorance. Therein, what is non-comprehension? That which is ignorance, not seeing… and so on… the root of unwholesome states, the torch of unknowing, delusion – this is called “non-comprehension”. (Ga) distraction of mind Therein, what is distraction of mind? That which is agitation of mind, non-pacification, distraction of mind, bewilderment of mind – this is called “distraction of mind”. (35. Ka) unwise attention 936. Therein, what is unwise attention? Unwise attention to the impermanent as “permanent”, unwise attention to suffering as “pleasure”, unwise attention to the non-self as “self”, unwise attention to the impure as “pure”, or the turning of the mind, not turning, application, consideration, attention, contrary to truth – this is called “unwise attention”. (Kha) following a wrong path Therein, what is following a wrong path? Therein, what is a wrong path? Wrong view, wrong intention, wrong speech, wrong action, wrong livelihood, wrong effort, wrong mindfulness, wrong concentration – this is called “a wrong path”. That which is the following, pursuing, associating with, resorting to, frequenting, devotion, attachment, being involved in that wrong path – this is called “following a wrong path”. (Ga) and sluggishness of mind Therein, what is sluggishness of mind? That which is the unsuitability, unworkability, sinking down, settling down, sluggishness, sinking, state of sinking, dullness, dulling, state of dulling of mind – this is called “sluggishness of mind”. A triad. 4. Exposition of a tetrad (1) Four influxes 937. Therein, what are the four influxes? The influx of sensual desire, the influx of becoming, the influx of views, the influx of ignorance. (Ka) influx of sensual desire Therein, what is the influx of sensual desire? That which is sensual desire, sensual lust, sensual delight, sensual craving, sensual affection, sensual torment, sensual infatuation, sensual clinging in regard to sensual pleasures – this is called “the influx of sensual desire”. (Kha) influx of becoming Therein, what is the influx of becoming? That which is desire for becoming… and so on… clinging to becoming – this is called “the influx of becoming”. (Ga) The Outflow of Views What is the outflow of views? "The world is eternal" or "The world is not eternal" or "The world is finite" or "The world is infinite" or "The soul is the same as the body" or "The soul is different from the body" or "The Tathāgata exists after death" or "The Tathāgata does not exist after death" or "The Tathāgata both exists and does not exist after death" or "The Tathāgata neither exists nor does not exist after death." Whatever such view, fixed view... perverted grasp – this is called "the outflow of views." All wrong views are the outflow of views. (Gha) The Outflow of Ignorance What is the outflow of ignorance? Ignorance of suffering, ignorance of the origin of suffering, ignorance of the cessation of suffering, ignorance of the path leading to the cessation of suffering, ignorance of the past, ignorance of the future, ignorance of both past and future, ignorance of dependent origination and dependently arisen phenomena. Whatever such ignorance, not seeing... the fetter of ignorance, delusion, the root of unwholesome states – this is called "the outflow of ignorance." These are the four outflows. (2-5) The Four Fetters, etc. 938. What are the four fetters... the four floods... the four yokes... the four clingings? Clinging to sensual pleasures, clinging to views, clinging to rites and rituals, clinging to a doctrine of self. (Ka) Clinging to Sensual Pleasures What is clinging to sensual pleasures? Whatever sensual desire for sensual pleasures... attachment to sensual pleasures – this is called "clinging to sensual pleasures." (Kha) Clinging to Views What is clinging to views? "There is no gift, there is no sacrifice... those who, having directly known and realized this world and the other world themselves, proclaim them." Whatever such view, fixed view... perverted grasp – this is called "clinging to views." Excluding clinging to rites and rituals and clinging to a doctrine of self, all wrong views are clinging to views. (Ga) Clinging to Rites and Rituals What is clinging to rites and rituals? Of ascetics and brahmins outside of this (teaching) By virtue is purity, by vows is purity, by virtue and vows is purity, thus. Whatever such view, fixed view... and perverted grasping – this is called "grasping at virtue and vows". (D) Grasping at a self-doctrine What is grasping at a self-doctrine there? Here, an uninstructed ordinary person, not seeing the noble ones, unskilled in the noble doctrine, undisciplined in the noble doctrine, not seeing the true persons, unskilled in the doctrine of true persons, undisciplined in the doctrine of true persons – regards form as self, or self as possessing form, or form as in self, or self as in form. Feeling... Perception... Formations... regards consciousness as self, or self as possessing consciousness, or consciousness as in self, or self as in consciousness. Whatever such view, fixed view... and perverted grasping – this is called "grasping at a self-doctrine". These are the four graspings. (6) Four origins of craving 939. What are the four origins of craving there? For a monk, due to robes, craving, arising, arises. Or for a monk, due to almsfood, craving, arising, arises. Or for a monk, due to lodging, craving, arising, arises. Or for a monk, due to this or that existence, craving, arising, arises – these are the four origins of craving. (7) Four wrong courses of action What are the four wrong courses of action there? One goes by way of desire, one goes by way of hatred, one goes by way of delusion, one goes by way of fear. Whatever such wrong course, wrong course of action, going by desire, going by faction, going by partiality – these are the four wrong courses of action. (8) Four perversions What are the four perversions there? In the impermanent, "permanent" – perversion of perception, perversion of thought, perversion of view. In suffering, "happiness" – perversion of perception, perversion of thought, perversion of view. In the non-self, "self" – perversion of perception, perversion of thought, perversion of view. In the unattractive, "attractive" – perversion of perception, perversion of thought, perversion of view – these four Oh, perversions! (9) Four ignoble ways of speaking Among these, which are the four ignoble ways of speaking? Speaking of the unseen as seen, Speaking of the unheard as heard, Speaking of the unperceived as perceived, Speaking of the uncognized as cognized – These are the four ignoble ways of speaking. (10) And other four ignoble ways of speaking Among these, which are the other four ignoble ways of speaking? Speaking of the seen as unseen, Speaking of the heard as unheard, Speaking of the perceived as unperceived, Speaking of the cognized as uncognized – These are the four ignoble ways of speaking. (11) Four bad conducts Among these, which are the four bad conducts? Taking life, Taking what is not given, Sexual misconduct, False speech – These are the four bad conducts. (12) And other four bad conducts Among these, which are the other four bad conducts? False speech, Slanderous speech, Harsh speech, Frivolous talk – These are the four bad conducts. (13) Four fears Among these, which are the four fears? Fear of birth, Fear of old age, Fear of sickness, Fear of death – These are the four fears. (14) And other four fears