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this is called "view of finitude". (b) What is view of infinitude there? "The self and the world are infinite" – such a view, a fixed view... a perverted grasp – this is called "view of infinitude". (9) View concerning the past and view concerning the future 899. (a) What is view concerning the past there? Concerning the past... A view arises, a way of seeing, ...a perverted grasp – this is called "view concerning the past". (b) What is "view concerning the future"? Concerning the future, a view arises, a way of seeing, ...a perverted grasp – this is called "view concerning the future". (10) Shamelessness and Fearlessness of Wrongdoing 900. (a) What is shamelessness? That which is not ashamed of what should be shameful, is not ashamed of committing evil, unwholesome things. This is called "shamelessness". (b) What is fearlessness of wrongdoing? That which does not dread what should be dreaded, does not dread committing evil, unwholesome things. This is called "fearlessness of wrongdoing". (11) Obdurateness and Bad Companionship 901. (a) What is obdurateness? When spoken to by fellow Dhamma practitioners, obdurateness, ill-temper, stubbornness, taking things contrarily, being habitually contrary, disrespect, lack of regard, lack of reverence, lack of deference. This is called "obdurateness". (b) What is bad companionship? Those individuals who are faithless, immoral, unlearned, stingy, unwise, the frequenting of them, associating with them, consorting with them, serving them, attending them, devotion to them, attachment to them, being involved with them. This is called "bad companionship". (12) Dishonesty and Harshness 902. (a) What is dishonesty? That which is dishonesty, lack of straightforwardness, crookedness, deviousness, deceitfulness. This is called "dishonesty". (b) What is harshness? That which is lack of gentleness, lack of softness, roughness, harshness, hardness, rigidity, stiffness of mind, lack of gentleness. This is called "harshness". (13) Impatience and Lack of Gentleness 903. (a) What is impatience? That which is impatience, not enduring, not tolerating, fierceness, ill-temper, discontent of mind. This is called "impatience". (b) What is lack of gentleness? Transgression by body, transgression by speech, transgression by body and speech... or transgression – this is called "insolence." All immorality is insolence. (14) Harshness and lack of hospitality 904. (a) What is harshness there? That speech which is thorny, rough, hurtful to others, abusive to others, accompanied by anger, conducive to lack of concentration, such speech is spoken. That ungentle speech, ungracious speech, harsh speech there – this is called "harshness." (b) What is lack of hospitality there? There are two kinds of hospitality – material hospitality and Dhamma hospitality. Here, some person is not hospitable, either with material hospitality or with Dhamma hospitality – this is called "lack of hospitality." (15) Unguardedness of the sense doors and immoderation in food 905. (a) What is unguardedness of the sense doors there? Here, someone, having seen a form with the eye, grasps at its general appearance, grasps at its details. Because of which, while the eye faculty dwells unguarded, evil unwholesome states of covetousness and displeasure might flow in upon him, he does not practice for its restraint, he does not guard the eye faculty, he does not undertake restraint of the eye faculty. Having heard a sound with the ear... having smelled an odor with the nose... having tasted a flavor with the tongue... having felt a tactile sensation with the body... having cognized a mental phenomenon with the mind, he grasps at its general appearance, grasps at its details. Because of which, while the mind faculty dwells unguarded, evil unwholesome states of covetousness and displeasure might flow in upon him, he does not practice for its restraint, he does not guard the mind faculty, he does not undertake restraint of the mind faculty. That unguardedness, lack of protection, lack of guarding, lack of restraint of these six faculties – this is called "unguardedness of the sense doors." (b) What is immoderation in food there? Here, some person, without reflection, unskillfully takes food for sport, for intoxication, for adornment, for beautification. That discontent, immoderation, lack of... reflecting on food – this is called “lack of moderation in food.” (16) Forgetfulness and lack of clear comprehension 906. (A) Therein what is forgetfulness? That non-mindfulness, non-recollection, non-remembrance, non-mindfulness, non-remembering, non-holding, causing to disappear, causing to forget – this is called “forgetfulness.” (B) Therein what is lack of clear comprehension? That ignorance, non-seeing, ... (and so on) ... the root of ignorance, delusion, the root of unwholesome – this is called “lack of clear comprehension.” (17) Failure in conduct and failure in view 907. (A) Therein what is failure in conduct? That bodily transgression, verbal transgression, bodily and verbal transgression – this is called “failure in conduct.” All misconduct is failure in conduct. (B) Therein what is failure in view? “There is no giving, there is no offering, ... (and so on) ... those who, having directly known and realized this world and the other world themselves, declare it” – that such a view, a fixed view, ... (and so on) ... a perverted grasp – this is called “failure in view.” All wrong view is failure in view. (18) Inner fetters and outer fetters 908. (A) Therein what is an inner fetter? The five lower fetters – an inner fetter. (B) The five higher fetters – an outer fetter. Dyad. 3. Explanation of Triads (1) Three roots of unwholesome 909. Therein what are the three roots of unwholesome? Greed, hatred, delusion. (A) Therein what is greed? That passion, attachment, inclination, compliance, delight, passionate delight, mental attachment, desire, infatuation, clinging, greed, excessive greed, entanglement, mire, agitation, deceit, generator, producer, seamstress, net-weaver, river, clinging, current, spreading out, drawing forth, companion, aspiration, guide to existence, craving, craving, intimacy, affection, longing, bond, hope, aspiration, state of aspiration, hope for forms, hope for sounds. Desire for smells, desire for tastes, desire for touches, desire for gain, desire for wealth, desire for sons, desire for life, longing, intense longing, the act of longing, the state of longing, greed, being greedy, the state of being greedy, prying curiosity, desire for good things, unrighteous passion, improper greed, attachment, longing, aspiration, craving, intense aspiration, craving for sensual pleasures, craving for existence, craving for non-existence, craving for forms, craving for formless states, craving for cessation, craving for sounds, craving for forms, craving for smells, craving for tastes, craving for touches, craving for mental objects, flood, yoke, knot, clinging, covering, hindrance, concealment, bondage, defilement, latent tendency, obsession, creeper, vacillation, root of suffering, source of suffering, origin of suffering, Māra's snare, Māra's hook, Māra's domain, river of craving, net of craving, leash of craving, ocean of craving, covetousness, greed, root of unwholesomeness — this is called "greed". (B) What is hatred there? "He did me harm" — thus resentment arises. "He does me harm" — thus resentment arises. "He will do me harm" — thus resentment arises. "He did harm to my dear and beloved one" ... "He does harm" ... "He will do harm" — thus resentment arises. "He did good to my disliked and unpleasant one" ... "He does good" ... "He will do good" — thus resentment arises. Or resentment arises without cause. Whatever such resentment of mind, aversion, opposition, hostility, anger, intense anger, extreme anger, hatred, ill-will, intense ill-will, mental affliction, mental corruption, wrath, being angry, the state of being angry, hatred, being hostile, the state of being hostile, affliction, being afflicted, the state of being afflicted, opposition, strong opposition, fierceness, sullenness, mental displeasure — this is called "hatred". (C) What is delusion there? Ignorance of suffering, ignorance of the origin of suffering, ignorance of the cessation of suffering, ignorance of the path leading to the cessation of suffering, ignorance of the past, ignorance of the future, ignorance of both past and future, ignorance of dependent co-arising and dependently arisen phenomena, whatever such ignorance, not seeing... ignorance, dullness, delusion, a root of unwholesomeness— this is called "delusion." These are the three roots of unwholesomeness. (2) Three unwholesome thoughts 910. What are these three unwholesome thoughts? Thought of sensual desire, thought of ill-will, thought of harming. (a) What is the thought of sensual desire? Connected with sensual desire, thinking, thought, wrong intention— this is called "thought of sensual desire." (b) What is the thought of ill-will? Connected with ill-will, thinking, thought, wrong intention— this is called "thought of ill-will." (c) What is the thought of harming? Connected with harming, thinking, thought, wrong intention— this is called "thought of harming." These are the three unwholesome thoughts. (3) Three unwholesome perceptions 911. What are these three unwholesome perceptions? Perception of sensual desire, perception of ill-will, perception of harming. (a) What is the perception of sensual desire? Connected with sensual desire, perception, cognizing, the state of having cognized— this is called "perception of sensual desire." (b) What is the perception of ill-will? Connected with ill-will, perception, cognizing, the state of having cognized— this is called "perception of ill-will." (c) What is the perception of harming? Connected with harming, perception, cognizing, the state of having cognized—