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or that the world is finite, or that or that the world is finite, or that the soul is the body, or that the soul is one thing and the body another, or that the Tathāgata exists after death, or that the Tathāgata does not exist after death, or that the Tathāgata both exists and does not exist after death, or that the Tathāgata neither exists nor does not exist after death; whatever such view, view-point, thicket of views, wilderness of views, writhing of views, vacillation of views, fetter of views, grasping, clinging, adherence, obsession, wrong path, false way, wrongness, sectarian ground, perverted grasp – this is called the outflow of views. All wrong views are the outflow of views. 1106. Therein, what is the outflow of ignorance? Ignorance of suffering, ignorance of the origin of suffering, ignorance of the cessation of suffering, ignorance of the path leading to the cessation of suffering, ignorance of the past, ignorance of the future, ignorance of both past and future, ignorance of dependent origination and dependently arisen phenomena; whatever such ignorance, not seeing, not understanding, not comprehending, not awakening, not penetrating, not grasping, not pervading, not reflecting, not reviewing, not realizing, dullness, foolishness, lack of clear comprehension, delusion, great delusion, utter delusion, ignorance, flood of ignorance, yoke of ignorance, latent tendency of ignorance, obsession of ignorance, entanglement of ignorance, delusion, the root of unwholesome states – this is called the outflow of ignorance. These phenomena are outflows. 1107. Which phenomena are not outflows? Apart from those phenomena, the remaining wholesome, unwholesome, and indeterminate phenomena belonging to the sense sphere, form sphere, formless sphere, and not included (in any sphere), the feeling aggregate... and so on... the consciousness aggregate; and all form, and the unconditioned element – these phenomena are not outflows. 1108. Which phenomena are with outflows? Wholesome, unwholesome, and indeterminate phenomena belonging to the sense sphere, form sphere, formless sphere; the form aggregate... and so on... the consciousness aggregate – these phenomena are with outflows. 1109. Which phenomena are without outflows? The paths and their fruits not included (in any sphere), and the unconditioned element – these phenomena are without outflows. 1110. What What are the states associated with defilements? Those states associated with them, the aggregate of feeling... ...the aggregate of consciousness – these states are associated with defilements. 1111. What are the states dissociated from defilements? Those states dissociated from them, the aggregate of feeling... ...the aggregate of consciousness; all form, and the unconditioned element – these states are dissociated from defilements. 1112. What are the states that are defilements and defiled? Those very defilements are defilements and defiled. 1113. What are the states that are defiled but not defilements? Those states that are defiled, excluding those defilements, the remaining defiled wholesome, unwholesome, and indeterminate states of the sense-sphere, of the form-sphere, of the formless-sphere; the aggregate of form... ...the aggregate of consciousness – these states are defiled but not defilements. 1114. What are the states that are defilements and associated with defilements? The defilement of sensual desire, with the defilement of ignorance, is a defilement and associated with defilements. The defilement of ignorance, with the defilement of sensual desire, is a defilement and associated with defilements. The defilement of existence, with the defilement of ignorance, is a defilement and associated with defilements. The defilement of ignorance, with the defilement of existence, is a defilement and associated with defilements. The defilement of views, with the defilement of ignorance, is a defilement and associated with defilements. The defilement of ignorance, with the defilement of views, is a defilement and associated with defilements – these states are defilements and associated with defilements. 1115. What are the states associated with defilements but not defilements? Those states associated with them, excluding those defilements, the aggregate of feeling... ...the aggregate of consciousness – these states are associated with defilements but not defilements. 1116. What are the states dissociated from defilements and defiled? Those states dissociated from them and defiled, wholesome, unwholesome, and indeterminate states of the sense-sphere, of the form-sphere, of the formless-sphere, the aggregate of form... ...the aggregate of consciousness – these states are dissociated from defilements and defiled. 1117. What are the states dissociated from defilements and undefiled? The paths not included (in the defiled), and the fruits of the path, and the unconditioned element – these states are dissociated from defilements and undefiled. . The first recitation section in the Exposition Chapter. The Fetters Cluster 1118. Which states are fetters? There are ten fetters: the fetter of sensual desire, the fetter of aversion, the fetter of conceit, the fetter of wrong view, the fetter of doubt, the fetter of clinging to rules and rituals, the fetter of desire for existence, the fetter of envy, the fetter of avarice, the fetter of ignorance. 1119. Among these, what is the fetter of sensual desire? Whatever sensual desire, sensual lust, sensual delight, sensual craving, sensual affection, sensual fever, sensual infatuation, sensual clinging there is for sensual pleasures—this is called the fetter of sensual desire. 1120. Among these, what is the fetter of aversion? When the thought arises, "He acted to my detriment," aversion arises; when the thought arises, "He is acting to my detriment," aversion arises; when the thought arises, "He will act to my detriment," aversion arises. When the thought arises, "He acted to the detriment of my dear and pleasing one"... "He is acting"... "He will act"... aversion arises. When the thought arises, "He acted to the benefit of my unloved and unpleasing one"... "He is acting"... "He will act"... aversion arises. Or aversion arises without cause. Whatever such mental aversion, opposition, hostility, antagonism, anger, wrath, extreme wrath, hatred, extreme hatred, extreme hatred, mental affliction, mental defilement, rage, raging, being enraged, malice, being malicious, being malicious, affliction, afflicting, being afflicted, opposition, counter-opposition, fierceness, ill-will, mental displeasure—this is called the fetter of aversion. 1121. Among these, what is the fetter of conceit? The conceit "I am superior," the conceit "I am equal," the conceit "I am inferior." Whatever such conceit, conceiving, being conceited, elevation, uplift, banner, grasping, desire for a flag of the mind—this is called the fetter of conceit. 1122. Among these, what is the fetter of wrong view? The view "the world is eternal," or "the world is not eternal," or "the world is finite," or "the world is infinite," or "the soul and the body are the same," or "the soul is one thing and the body another," or "the Tathāgata exists after death," The Tathagata exists after death, or the Tathagata does not exist after death, or the Tathagata both exists and does not exist after death, or the Tathagata neither exists nor does not exist after death; whatever such view, fixed view, thicket of views, wilderness of views, wriggling of views, vacillation of views, fetter of views, grasping, clinging, adherence, attachment, wrong path, false way, wrongness, ground of dogmas, perverse grasping – this is called the fetter of views. Excluding the fetter of attachment to rites and rituals, all wrong views are the fetter of views. 1123. Therein, what is the fetter of doubt? He doubts, is uncertain about the Teacher, he doubts, is uncertain about the Dhamma, he doubts, is uncertain about the Sangha, he doubts, is uncertain about the training, he doubts, is uncertain about the past, he doubts, is uncertain about the future, he doubts, is uncertain about both past and future, he doubts, is uncertain about dependent co-arising and dependently arisen phenomena; whatever such doubt, doubting, state of doubt, perplexity, uncertainty, indecision, two-fold path, wavering, grasping at many sides, vacillation, wavering about, lack of penetration, stiffness of mind, mental obstruction – this is called the fetter of doubt. 1124. Therein, what is the fetter of attachment to rites and rituals? The view of ascetics and brahmins outside this teaching: "Purity through morality, purity through vows, purity through morality and vows"; whatever such view, fixed view, thicket of views, wilderness of views, wriggling of views, vacillation of views, fetter of views, grasping, clinging, adherence, attachment, wrong path, false way, wrongness, ground of dogmas, perverse grasping – this is called the fetter of attachment to rites and rituals. 1125. Therein, what is the fetter of craving for existence? Whatever desire for existence in existences, lust for existence, delight in existence, craving for existence, affection for existence, fever of existence, infatuation with existence, clinging to existence – this is called the fetter of craving for existence. Among these, what is the fetter of envy? That envy regarding others' gain, honor, respect, reverence, salutation, and worship; envy, being envious, the state of being envious; jealousy, being jealous, the state of being jealous – this is called the fetter of envy. Among these, what is the fetter of stinginess? There are five kinds of stinginess: stinginess regarding dwelling, stinginess regarding family, stinginess regarding gain, stinginess regarding praise, stinginess regarding the Dhamma. Whatever such stinginess, being stingy, the state of being stingy, miserliness, meanness, bitterness, the mind's not letting go –