English
What are present phenomena? Those phenomena which are born, come into being, arisen, produced, fully produced, manifested, arisen, fully arisen, stood up, fully stood up, present, included in the aspect of the present: form, feeling, perception, mental formations, consciousness – these phenomena are present. What are phenomena with past objects? Those mental and associated phenomena which arise having taken past phenomena as their object – these phenomena have past objects. What are phenomena with future objects? Those mental and associated phenomena which arise having taken future phenomena as their object – these phenomena have future objects. What are phenomena with present objects? Those mental and associated phenomena which arise having taken present phenomena as their object – these phenomena have present objects. What are internal phenomena? Those phenomena which are internal, personal, fixed, individual, clung to, for those beings respectively: form, feeling, perception, mental formations, consciousness – these phenomena are internal. What are external phenomena? Those phenomena which are internal, personal, fixed, individual, clung to, for those other beings, other individuals respectively: form, feeling, perception, mental formations, consciousness – these phenomena are external. What are internal and external phenomena? Both of these – these phenomena are internal and external. What are phenomena with internal objects? Those mental and associated phenomena which arise having taken internal phenomena as their object – what are phenomena? These phenomena are internal objects. 1054. What phenomena are external objects? Those mental and volitional phenomena that arise with external phenomena as their object – these phenomena are external objects. 1055. What phenomena are internal and external objects? Those mental and volitional phenomena that arise with internal and external phenomena as their object – these phenomena are internal and external objects. 1056. What phenomena are visible and with impact? The eye-object (form) – these phenomena are visible and with impact. 1057. What phenomena are invisible and with impact? The eye-base, the ear-base, the nose-base, the tongue-base, the body-base, the sound-base, the smell-base, the taste-base, the touch-base – these phenomena are invisible and with impact. 1058. What phenomena are invisible and without impact? The aggregate of feeling, the aggregate of perception, the aggregate of formations, the aggregate of consciousness; and that form which is invisible and without impact, included in the dharma-base; and the unconditioned element – these phenomena are invisible and without impact. A Triad. The Exposition of Dyads. The Root-Cause Cluster. 1059. What phenomena are roots? Three wholesome roots, three unwholesome roots, three indeterminate roots, nine sense-sphere roots, six fine-material-sphere roots, six immaterial-sphere roots, six unincluded roots. 1060. Among these, what are the three wholesome roots? Non-greed, non-hatred, non-delusion. 1061. Among these, what is non-greed? That which is non-greed, not being greedy, the state of not being greedy, non-attachment, not being attached, the state of not being attached, non-covetousness, non-greed, a root of wholesome action – this is called non-greed. 1062. Among these, what is non-hatred? That which is non-hatred, not being hateful, the state of not being hateful, friendliness, being friendly, the state of being friendly, compassion, being compassionate, the state of being compassionate, desiring welfare, sympathy, non-ill-will, non-malice, non-hatred, a root of wholesome action – this is called non-hatred. 1063. Among these, what is non-delusion? Knowledge of suffering, knowledge of the origin of suffering, knowledge of the cessation of suffering, knowledge of the path leading to the cessation of suffering, knowledge of the past, knowledge of the future, knowledge, knowledge of the past and future, knowledge of dependent origination in conditioned phenomena, that which is such wisdom, understanding, investigation, thorough investigation, discrimination of phenomena, discernment, observation, close observation, sagacity, skill, adroitness, analysis, reflection, examination, discernment, intellect, leading, insight, comprehension, goad, wisdom, faculty of wisdom, power of wisdom, weapon of wisdom, palace of wisdom, light of wisdom, radiance of wisdom, splendor of wisdom, gem of wisdom, non-delusion, discrimination of phenomena, right view – this is called non-delusion. These are the three wholesome roots. 1064. Among these, what are the three unwholesome roots? Greed, hatred, delusion. 1065. Among these, what is greed? That which is passion, attachment, inclination, compliance, delight, passionate delight, attachment of mind, desire, infatuation, clinging, craving, thorough craving, bond, mire, agitation, deception, generator, producer, sewer, netter, stream, clinging, thread, spread out, striving, second, aspiration, guide to existence, forest, forest-like, intimacy, affection, longing, bondage, hope, wishing, state of wishing, hope for forms, hope for sounds, hope for odors, hope for tastes, hope for tangibles, hope for gain, hope for wealth, hope for sons, hope for life, muttering, repeated muttering, intense muttering, muttering, state of muttering, greediness, state of being greedy, state of having been greedy, begging, desire for good, unrighteous passion, unjust greed, fondness, delight, aspiration, longing, thorough aspiration, craving for sensual pleasures, craving for existence, craving for non-existence, craving for forms, craving for formlessness, craving for cessation, craving for forms, craving for sounds, craving for odors, craving for tastes, craving for tangibles, craving for phenomena, flood, yoke, fetter, clinging, covering, hindrance, concealment, bondage, defilement, underlying tendency, obsession, creeper, doubt, root of suffering, source of suffering, origin of suffering, Mara's snare, Mara's hook, Mara's domain, river of craving, net of craving, bond of craving, ocean of craving – Covetousness, greed, a root of unwholesome – this is called greed. 1066. Therein what is hatred? 'He harmed me' – resentment arises, 'He is harming me' – resentment arises, 'He will harm me' – resentment arises, 'He harmed my dear, my beloved' – ... 'He is harming my dear, my beloved' – ... 'He will harm my dear, my beloved' – resentment arises, 'He benefited my un-dear, my un-beloved' – ... 'He is benefiting my un-dear, my un-beloved' – ... 'He will benefit my un-dear, my un-beloved' – resentment arises, or indeed resentment arises without cause. Whatever such mental resentment, aversion, opposition, hostility, anger, intense anger, complete anger, hatred, ill-will, complete ill-will, mental affliction, mental defilement, wrath, being angry, state of being angry, hatred, being hostile, state of being hostile, affliction, being afflicted, state of being afflicted, opposition, counter-opposition, fierceness, ill-temper, mental displeasure – this is called hatred. 1067. Therein what is delusion? Ignorance in suffering, ignorance in the origin of suffering, ignorance in the cessation of suffering, ignorance in the path leading to the cessation of suffering, ignorance in the past, ignorance in the future, ignorance in the past and future, ignorance in conditionality, in dependently arisen phenomena, Whatever such ignorance, not seeing, not understanding, not awakening, not fully awakening, not penetrating, not grasping, not comprehending, not observing, not reflecting, not making evident, dullness, foolishness, lack of clear comprehension, delusion, intense delusion, complete delusion, unknowing, flood of unknowing, bond of unknowing, latent tendency of unknowing, obsession of unknowing, entanglement of unknowing, delusion, a root of unwholesome – this is called delusion. These are the three unwholesome roots. 1068. Therein what are the three indeterminate roots? Non-greed, non-hatred, non-delusion, as a result of wholesome phenomena, or in functional indeterminate phenomena – these are the three indeterminate roots. 1069. Therein what are the nine roots of the sense-sphere? Three wholesome roots, three unwholesome roots, three indeterminate roots – these are the nine roots of the sense-sphere. 1070. Therein what are the six roots of the form-sphere? Three who... Three wholesome roots, three indeterminate roots – these are the six form-sphere roots. 1071. Therein, which are the six formless-sphere roots? Three wholesome roots, three indeterminate roots – these are the six formless-sphere roots. 1072. Therein, which are the six unincluded roots? Three wholesome roots, three indeterminate roots – these are the six unincluded roots. 1073. Therein, which are the three wholesome roots? Non-greed, non-hatred, non-delusion. 1074. Therein, what is non-greed? That non-greed, non-coveting, the state of not coveting, non-attachment, non-infatuation, the state of not being infatuated, non-covetousness, non-greed as a root of skillfulness – this is called non-greed. 1075. Therein, what is non-hatred? That non-hatred, non-malice, the state of not being malicious... non-ill-will, non-malevolence, non-hatred as a root of skillfulness – this is called non-hatred. 1076. Therein, what is non-delusion? Knowledge of suffering, knowledge of the origin of suffering, knowledge of the cessation of suffering, knowledge of the path leading to the cessation of suffering, knowledge of the past, knowledge of the future, knowledge of both past and future, knowledge of dependent co-arising in phenomena, such wisdom, understanding, investigation, thorough investigation, investigation of phenomena, discernment, close discernment, direct discernment, sagacity, skill, cleverness, analysis, thought, examination, insight, intelligence, guidance, insight, clear comprehension, goad, wisdom,