English
There are eight (articulation) places, namely: the chest, throat, crown of the head, as well as the tip of the tongue, teeth, and nose, lips and palate. These can be articulated in places other than those they depend on. The place of the chest is a place that does not depend on the throat, that is, it is not articulated from the place of the throat, but is regarded as the chest. Other places should also be regarded as only themselves. Therefore, they are distinguished as different places because they operate independently. Anything that appears in the form of letters such as the letter A (ཨ་, Devanagari: अ, Romanized Sanskrit: a, Literal meaning: A), should be clearly understood as sound. Any description that approximates the characteristics of sound is the nature of generality. If these letters arise from where? It is said that letters arise from place, action, and effort. Place is the chest and throat, etc., mentioned earlier. Action is the root of the tongue, etc. Effort is contact, etc. Place, action, and effort are place, action, and effort. From these, letters such as the letter A (ཨ་, Devanagari: अ, Romanized Sanskrit: a, Literal meaning: A) arise, that is, they manifest. Among these, what are the letters? What is the place? What is the effort? What is the distinction? It is said that "དེ་ལ་" indicates certainty, it is the seventh case, meaning "for the time being, let's explain the place". The separation of A (ཨ་, Devanagari: अ, Romanized Sanskrit: a, Literal meaning: A), Ku (ཀུ, Devanagari: कु, Romanized Sanskrit: ku, Literal meaning: Ku), Ha (ཧ, Devanagari: ह, Romanized Sanskrit: ha, Literal meaning: Ha), etc., is the throat. What arises from the throat is the place of the throat, that is, it is articulated from the place of the throat. What are these? They are A (ཨ་, Devanagari: अ, Romanized Sanskrit: a, Literal meaning: A), Ku (ཀུ, Devanagari: कु, Romanized Sanskrit: ku, Literal meaning: Ku), Ha (ཧ, Devanagari: ह, Romanized Sanskrit: ha, Literal meaning: Ha), etc. A (ཨ་, Devanagari: अ, Romanized Sanskrit: a, Literal meaning: A) is the letter A (ཨ་, Devanagari: अ, Romanized Sanskrit: a, Literal meaning: A). Ku (ཀུ, Devanagari: कु, Romanized Sanskrit: ku, Literal meaning: Ku) is the Ka group of letters. Ha (ཧ, Devanagari: ह, Romanized Sanskrit: ha, Literal meaning: Ha) is the letter Ha (ཧ, Devanagari: ह, Romanized Sanskrit: ha, Literal meaning: Ha). Adding A (ཨ་, Devanagari: अ, Romanized Sanskrit: a, Literal meaning: A) again after separation is the basis of articulation. It should be known that these arise from the place of the throat. The places of articulation for I (ཨི་, Devanagari: इ, Romanized Sanskrit: i, Literal meaning: I) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta), E (ཨེ, Devanagari: ए, Romanized Sanskrit: e, Literal meaning: E) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta), Ai (ཨཻ, Devanagari: ऐ, Romanized Sanskrit: ai, Literal meaning: Ai) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta), etc., are the throat and palate. What arises from the palate has the nature of the palate. The throat and palate are the place of articulation for the throat and palate. What are these? I (ཨི་, Devanagari: इ, Romanized Sanskrit: i, Literal meaning: I) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta) is the letter I (ཨི་, Devanagari: इ, Romanized Sanskrit: i, Literal meaning: I). E (ཨེ, Devanagari: ए, Romanized Sanskrit: e, Literal meaning: E) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta) is the letter E (ཨེ, Devanagari: ए, Romanized Sanskrit: e, Literal meaning: E). Ai (ཨཻ, Devanagari: ऐ, Romanized Sanskrit: ai, Literal meaning: Ai) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta) is the letter Ai (ཨཻ, Devanagari: ऐ, Romanized Sanskrit: ai, Literal meaning: Ai). I (ཨི་, Devanagari: इ, Romanized Sanskrit: i, Literal meaning: I) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta), E (ཨེ, Devanagari: ए, Romanized Sanskrit: e, Literal meaning: E) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta), Ai (ཨཻ, Devanagari: ऐ, Romanized Sanskrit: ai, Literal meaning: Ai) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta) are these. Ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta) is added for ease of pronunciation. The places of articulation for U (ཨུ, Devanagari: उ, Romanized Sanskrit: u, Literal meaning: U) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta), O (ཨོ, Devanagari: ओ, Romanized Sanskrit: o, Literal meaning: O) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta), Au (ཨཽ, Devanagari: औ, Romanized Sanskrit: au, Literal meaning: Au) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta), etc., are the throat and lips. The throat and lips are the place of articulation for the throat and lips. What is U (ཨུ, Devanagari: उ, Romanized Sanskrit: u, Literal meaning: U) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta)? It is the letter U (ཨུ, Devanagari: उ, Romanized Sanskrit: u, Literal meaning: U). What is O (ཨོ, Devanagari: ओ, Romanized Sanskrit: o, Literal meaning: O) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta)? It is the letter O (ཨོ, Devanagari: ओ, Romanized Sanskrit: o, Literal meaning: O). What is Au (ཨཽ, Devanagari: औ, Romanized Sanskrit: au, Literal meaning: Au) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta)? It is the letter Au (ཨཽ, Devanagari: औ, Romanized Sanskrit: au, Literal meaning: Au). U (ཨུ, Devanagari: उ, Romanized Sanskrit: u, Literal meaning: U) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta), Au (ཨཽ, Devanagari: औ, Romanized Sanskrit: au, Literal meaning: Au) ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta) are these. Ta (ཏ, Devanagari: त, Romanized Sanskrit: ta, Literal meaning: Ta) is just added for ease of pronunciation, as before.