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The Padma Vumna, which is a Yaish^^ava work and gives the supremacy to Yishwu, says, " In the beginning of creation, the great Yislmu, desirous of creating the whole world, became three- fold : creator, preserver, and destroyer. In order to create this world, the supreme spirit produced from the right side of his body himself as Brahma ; then in order to preserve the world he produced from the left side of his body Yislmu ; and in order to destroy the world he produced from the middle of his body the eternal ^S'iva. Some worship Brahma, others Yisli?m, others /Siva; but Yishwu, one yet threefold, creates, preserves, and destroys, TRINAVARTTA—TRITA. 321 therefore let the pious make no difference between the three." The representation of the Tri-murti is one body with tliree heads : in the middle Brahma, on the right Yish?iu, and on the left /Siva. The worship of Brahma is almost extinct, but YisliTiu and /Siva receive unbounded adoration from their respective followers, and each is elevated to the dignity of the supreme beinsf. * Tii?/iVAYARTTA. A demon who assumed the form of a whirlwind and carried off the infant K?*ish?ia, but was over- powered and killed by the child. TRI-PADA. 'Three-footed.' Fever personified as having three feet, symbolising the three stages of fever — heat, cold, and sweat. TRI-PURA. ' Triple city.' i. According to the Hari-vansa it was aerial, and was burnt in a war Avith the gods. 2. A name of the demon Ba?2a, because he received in gift three cities from /Siva, Brahma, and Yishmi. He was killed by /Siva. His name at full length is Tripurasura. The name is also applied to /Siva. TRI-PURI. The capital city of the Chedis, now traceable in the insignificant village of Tewar, on the banks of the JSTar- mada, TRI-^ANKU. See Satya-^Tata. TRI-/SIRAS. ' Three-headed.' i. In the Yedas, a son of Twash/ri; also called Yiswa-riipa. 2. Fever personified as a demon with three heads, typical of the tliree stages of heat, cold, and sweating. 3. Kuvera, god of wealth. 4. An Asura killed by Yishwu. 5. A son or a friend of Ravawa killed by Rama. TRI-^tJLA. ' A trident.' The trident of ,Siva. TRITA, TRITA APTYA. A minor deity mentioned occa- sionally in the ii%-veda, and generally in some relation to Indra. Thus " Indra broke through the defences of Yala, as did Trita through the coverings (of the well)." In explanation of this and similar allusions, a legend is told by the commentator to the effect, that Ekata, Dwita, and Trita (first, second, and third), were three men produced in water by Agni, for the purpose of rubbing off the remains of an oblation of clarified butter. Agni threw the cinders of the offerings into water, and from them sprang the three brothers, who, from their origin in water (aj?), were called Aptyas. Trita w^ent one day to draw water from a well and fell into it. The Asuras then heaped coverings over 322 TRITSUS—TRYARUNA. the mouth of it to prevent his getting out, but he broke through them with ease. The Nitl-manjari tells the story differently. Ekata, Dwita, and Trita were travelling in a desert and suffered from thirst. They came to a well from which Trita drew water and gave it to his brothers. In order to appropriate his pro- perty the two brothers threw him into the well, placed a cart- wheel over it, and there left him. Trita prayed earnestly to the gods, and with their help he escaped. Ti?/TSUS. A people frequently mentioned in the Yeda. Saya?za says they were " priests who were Vasishifha's disciples." Vasish/ha himself is said to have belonged to the tribe. TRI-YEiYl. ' The triple braid.' A name of Prayaga. It is so called because the Ganges and Jumna here unite, and the Saraswati is suppased to join them by an underground channel TRI-YIKKAMA. A name of Yish/iu used in the itig-veda, and referring to three steps or paces which he is represented as taking. These steps, according to the opinion of a commentator, are "the three periods of the sun's course, — his rising, culminating, and setting. " An old commentator says, ' ' Yislmu stepped by sepa- rate strides over the whole universe. In three places he planted his step, one step on the earth, a second in the atmosphere, and a third in the sky, in the successive forms of Agni, Yayu, and Surya." The great commentator Saya?ia, a comparatively modern A\Titer, understands these steps as being the three steps of Yishnu in the Yamana or dwarf incarnation, and no doubt they were the origin of this fiction. TRYAMBAKA. ' Three-eyed,' or ' Having three wives or sisters.' i. A name of /Siva. 2. One of the Rudras. 3. Name of one of the twelve great Lingas. See Linga. TRYARUYA. A king, son of Trivrishan, of the race of Ikshwaku. He was riding in a chariot which Yrisa, his puro- hita or family priest, was driving. The vehicle passed over and killed a Brahman boy, and a question arose as to who was responsible for the death. The question was referred to an assembly of the Ikshwiikus, and they decided it against Yri.sa. The purohit by his prayers then restored the boy to life, and being very angry with them for what he deemed partiality, " fire henceforth ceased to perforui its functions in their dwellings, and the cooking of their food and other offices ceased." The Ikshwakus appeased him, and upon his prayers the use of TUKHARAS—TWASHTRI. 323 fire was restored to them. This story is told by Sayawa in elucidation of a Yedic allusion, and he quotes the /Satyayana Brahma?ia as the authority. TUKIIARAS. A northern tribe from whom Tukharistan obtained its name. They are probably the tribe of /S'akas, by whom Bactria was taken from the Greeks. They are also called Tusharas. TULADHARA, A trading Vaisya mentioned in the Maha- bharata as very virtuous and learned, to whom Jajali, an arrogant Brahman, was sent by a voice from the sky to learn wisdom. TULUNGA. Tuluva, or the country where the Tulu lan- guage is spoken, on the western coast below Goa. TUMBURU. Name of a Gandharva. See Viradha. TUA7)A. A demon slain by Nahusha, the son of Ayus. He had a son named Vituw^ia, who was killed by Bhagavati (Durga). TURANGA-VAKTRA. ' Horse-faced people.' See Kinnaras. TURUSHKAS. Turks; the people of Turkistan. The Indo-Scythians, who, under Kanishka and other kings of the race, held Northern India. TURYA^A, TURYA^U. Son of Yayati by DevaySni. He refused to bear the curse of premature decrepitude passed upon his father, and so his father cursed him that his posterity should " not possess dominion." His father gave him a part of his kingdom, but after some generations, his line merged into that of his brother Puru, who bore for a time the curse passed upon his father. TUSHARA. See Tukhara. TUSHITAS. A ga?ia or class of subordinate deities, thirty- six in number, but sometimes reduced to twelve, and identified with the Adityas. TWASH Ti?/. In the i?zg-veda this deity is the ideal artist, the divine artisan, the most skilful of workmen, who is versed in all wonderful and admirable contrivances, and corresponds in many respects with Hephaistos and Yulcan. He sharpens and carries the great iron axe, and he forges the thunderbolts of Indra. He is the beautiful, skilful worker, the omniform, the archetype of all forms, the vivifier and the bestower of long life. He imparts generative power and bestows offspring. He forms 324 TWASHTRI—UDA YANA. husband and wife for each other, even from the womb. He develops the seminal germ in the womb, and is the shaper of all forms, human and animal. He has generated a strong man, a lover of the gods, a swift horse, and has created the wdiole world. As the >S'atapatha Brahma?ia expresses it, " He has pro- duced and nourishes a great variety of creatures ; all worlds (or beings) are his, and are known to him ; he has given to heaven and earth and to all things their forms." He created Brahmanas- pati above all creatures, and generated Agni along with heaven and earth, the waters and the Bh?-igus. He is master of the universe, the first-born protector and leader, and knows the region of the gods. He is supplicated to nourish the worshipper and protect his sacrifice. He is the bestower of blessings, and is possessed of abundant wealth, and grants prosperity. He is asked, like other gods, to take pleasure in the hymns of his worshippers and to grant them riches.