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He is associated with the iiibhus, and is represented as sometimes envying and some- times admiring their skill He is represented as being occa- sionally in a state of hostihty w^ith Indra, and he had a son named Yiswa-riipa (omniform) or Tri-siras, who had three heads, six eyes, and three mouths, who was especially obnoxious to Indra, and was slain by him. He had a daughter, Sara?iyu, whom he married to Vivaswat, and she was the mother of the Aswins. In the Purawas Twashi!?'i is identified with Viswa- karman, the artisan of the gods, and sometimes also with Praja- pati. One of the Adityas and one of the Rudras bear this name, as also did a prince descended from Bharata. UCHCHAIiT-iSEAVAS. The model horse. The white horse of Indra, produced at the churning of the ocean. It is fed on ambrosia, and is held to be the king of horses. TJCHCHHISHTA. The remains of a sacrifice, to which divine powers are ascribed by the i^ig-veda. UDAYA-GIRI PAEVATA. The eastern mountain from behind which the sun rises. UDAYANA. I. A prince of the Lunar race, and son of Sahas- ranika, who is the hero of a popular story. He was king of A^atsa, and is commonly called Yatsa-raja. His capital was Kausiimbi. Yasava-dattii, princess of Ujjayini, saw him in a dream and fell in love with him. He was decoyed to that city, and there kept in captivity by the king, Cha?Wasena ; but when UDDHA VA-UPANISHADS. 325 he was set at liberty by the minister, he carried off Vasava-datta from her father and a rival suitor. 2. A name of Agastya. UDDHA Y A. The friend and counsellor of KnsliTia. Ac- cording to some he was Knsh?za's cousin, being son of Deva- bhaija, the brother of Vasu-deva. He was also called Pavana- vyadhi. UDGATJ?/. A priest whose duty it is to chaunt the prayers or hymns from the Sama-veda. UDKANKA. Haris-chandra's aerial city. See Saubha. UGRA. A name of Rudra, or of one of his manifestations. See Rudra. UGRASENA. A king of Mathura, husband of Karm, and father of Kansa and Devaka. He was deposed by Kansa, but K?'?sh?za, after killing the latter, restored Ugrasena to the tlirone. See Kansa. UJJAYAlSri. The Greek 0^j^v?j and the modern Oujein or Ujjein. It was the capital of Yikramaditya and one of the seven sacred cities. Hindu geographers calculate their longitude from it, making it their first meridian. ULIJIvA. ' An owl ' Son of Kitava. He was king of a country and people of the same name. He was an ally of the Kauravas, and acted as their envoy to the PawcZavas. ULUPl. A daughter of Kauravya, Raja of the !N"agas, with whom Arjuna contracted a kind of marriage. She was nurse to her step-son, Babhru-vahana, and had great influence over him. Accordins^ to the Yish?iu Pura/ia she had a son named Iravat. TJMA. 'Light.' A name of the consort of iS'iva. The earliest known mention of the name is in the Kena IJpanishad, where she appears as a mediatrix between Brahma and the other gods, and seems to be identified with Yach. See Devi. UMA-PATI. ' Husband of Uma,' that is to say, ^S'iva. UPANISHADS. 'Esoteric doctrine.' The third division of the Yedas attached to the Brahmana portion, and forming part of the ^S'ruti or revealed word. The Upanishads are generally written in prose with interspersed verses, but some are wholly in verse. There are about 150 of these works, probably even more. They are of later date than the BrahmaTzas, but it is thought that the oldest may date as far back as the sixth century b.c. The object of these treatises is to ascertain the mystic sense of the 326 UPANISHADS- UP A- VEDAS. text of the Veda, and so they enter into such abstruse questions as the orgin of the universe, the nature of the deity, the nature of soul, and the connection of mind and matter. Thus they con- tain the beginnings of that metaphysical inquiry which ended in the fuU development of Hindu pliilosophy. The Upanishads have " one remarkable peculiarity, the total absence of any Bralimanical exclusiveness in their doctrine. They are evidently later than the older Sanhitas and Brahmawas, but they breathe an entirely different spirit, a freedom of thought unknown in any earlier work except the i?ig-veda hymns themselves. The great teachers of the higher knowledge and Brahmans are con- tinually represented as going to Kshatriya kings to become their pupils." — Professor Cornell. The i?/g-veda has the Upanishad called Aitareya attached to the Aitareya BrahmaTza. The Taittiriya Sanhita of the Yajur has an Upanishad of the same name. The Vajasaneyi Sanhita has the Isa, and attached to the iS'atapatha Brahma??a it has the B?-ihad Ara?iyaka, which is the most important of them. The Sama-veda has the Kena and Chhandogya. All these have been translated into English. The Atharva-veda has the Ka/ha, Prasna, Muw^Zaka, Mandukya, and others, altogether fifty-two in number. These are the most im- portant of the Upanishads. Many of the Upanishads have been l^rinted, and several of them translated in the Bibliotheca Indica, and by Foley. There is a catalogue by Miiller in the Zeitschrift des D. M. G., vol. xix. UPAPLAVYA. Matsya, the capital of the king of Vira/a. UPA-PURAiVAS. Secondary or subordinate Pura?ias. See PuraTia. UPARICHARA. A Yasu or demigod, who, according to the Maha-bharata, became king of Chedi by command of Indra. He had five sons by his wife ; and by an Apsaras, named Adrika, condemned to live on earth in the form of a fish, he had a son named Matsya (fish), and a daughter, Satya-vatI, who was the mother of Yyasa. UPAaSRUTI. a supernatural voice which is heard at night revealing the secrets of the future. UPASUNDA. A Daitya, son of Nisunda, brother of Sunda, and father of Muka. See Sunda. UPA- VEDAS. Subordinate or inferior Yedas. These are sciences which have no connection whatever with the Svuti or UPENDRA—USHAS. 327 revealed Yeda. They are four in number — (i.) Ayur-veda, medicine; (2.) Gandharva-veda, music and dancing; (3.) Dha- nur-veda, archery, military science; (4.) Sthapatya-veda, archi- tecture. TJPENDKA. A title given to Iv?-tsh7ia by Indra. URAGAS. The ISTagas or serpents inhabiting Patala. tJRMILA. Daughter of Janaka, sister of Sita, wife of Laksli- mawa, and mother of Gandharvi Somada. URVA. Father of ^ichika and grandfather of Janiad-agni. UEYA/S'L A celestial nymph, mentioned first in the Big- veda. The sight of her beauty is said to have caused the gene- ration, in a peculiar way, of the sages Agastya and Yasish/ha by jNIitra and Yaru?ia. A verse says, " And thou, 0 Yasish/ha, art a son of Mitra and Yaruwa." She roused the anger of these two deities and incurred their curse, through which she came to live upon the earth, and became the wife or mistress of Purii- ravas. The story of her amour with Purii-ravas is first told in the >S'atapatha Era,hmawa. The loves of Purii-ravas, theYikrama or hero, and of Urvasi, the nymph, are the subject of Kali- dasa's drama called Yikramorvasi. See Puru-ravas. U/S'ANAS. I. The planet Yenus or its regent, also called ^ukra (q.v.). 2. Author of a Dharma-sastra or law-book. USHA. A Daitya princess, daughter of Ba?2a and grand- daughter of Bali. She is called also Priti-jusha. She fell in love with a prince whom she saw in a dream, and was anxious to know if there were such a person. Her favourite companion, Chitra-lekha, drew the portraits of many gods and men, but Uslia's choice fell upon Aniruddha, son of Pradyumna and grandson of Kfish?ia. Chitra-lekha, by her magic power, brought Aniruddha to Usha. Her father, on hearing of the youth's being in the palace, endeavoured to kill him, but he defended himself successfully. Bawa, however, kept Aniruddha, "binding him in serpent bonds." Kn'sh??a, Pradyumna, and Bala-rama went to the rescue ; and although BaTza was supported by /S'iva and by Skanda, god of war, his party was defeated, and Aniruddha was carried back to Dwaraka with his wife tJsha. USHAS. The dawn, the ^uJ; of the Greeks and Aurora of the Latins. She is the daughter of heaven and sister of the Adityas. This is one of the most beautiful myths of the Yedas, and is enveloped in poetry. Uslias is the friend of men, she smiles 328 USHMAPAS- UTTAMA UJAS. like a young wife, she is the daughter of the sky, she goes to every house, she thinks of the dwellings of men, she does not despise the small or the great, she brings wealth ; she is always the same, immortal, divine, age cannot touch her ; she is the young goddess, but she makes men grow old.