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" All this," adds Max Miiller, " may be simply allegorical language. But the transition from Devi, ' the bright,' to Devi, the goddess, is so easy ; the daughter of the sky assumes so readily the same per- sonality which is given to the sky, Dyaus, her father, that we can only guess whether, in every passage, the poet is speaking of a bright apparition or of a bright goddess, of a natural vision or a visible deity. " She is called Aliana and Dyotana, ' the illumer. ' USHMAPAS. The Pitr/s or a class of Pitns (q.v.). TJ>S'IJ. Mentioned in the it/g-veda as the mother of Kak- shivat. A female servant of the queen of the Kalinga Raja. The king desired his queen to submit to the embraces of the sage Dirgha-tamas, in order that he might beget a son. The queen substituted her bondmaid Uiij. The sage, cognisant of the deception, sanctified Usij, and begat upon her a son, Kak- shivat, who, through his affiliation by the king, was a Kshatriya, but, as the son of Dirgha-tamas, was a Brahman. This story is told in the Maha-bharata and some of the Pura/^as. UTATHYA. A Brahman of the race of Angiras, who married Bhadra, daughter of Soma, a woman of great beauty. The god Yaru?ia, who had formerly been enamoured of her, car- ried her off from Utathya's hermitage, and would not give her up to Xarada, who was sent to bring her back. Utathya, greatly enraged, drank up all the sea, still VaruTia would not let her go. At the desire of Utathya, the lake of Varuwa was then dried up and the ocean swept away. The saint then addressed himself to the countries and to the river : — " SaraswatI, disappear into the deserts, and let this land, deserted by thee, become impure." " After the country had become dried up, Varu7?a submitted himself to Utathya and brought back Bhadra. Tlie sage was pleased to get back his wife, and released both the world and VaruT^a from their sufferinfj;s." UTKALA. The modern Orissa. It gives its name to one of the five northern nations of Bnlhmans. See Bra,hman. UTTAjMAUJAS. a warrior of great strength, and an ally of the Pa7i(iavas. UTTANA-PAD—VACH. 329 UTTAXA-PAD. 'Outstretched, supine.' In tlie Yedas, a peculiar creative source from which the earth sprang. Su})- posed to refer to the posture of a woman in parturition. UTTAXA-PADA. A son of Manu and /S'ata-rupa. By his wife Su-nrita he had four sons, Dhruva, Kirtiman, Ayushman, and Yasu. Some of the Pura?zas gave him another wife, Su-ruchi, and a son, Uttama. Bee Dhruva. UTTAEA (mas.), UTTARA (fern.). A son and daughter of the Raja of Yira/a. Uttara was killed in battle by /Salya. The daughter married Abhimanyu, son of Arjuna. UTTARA-KURU. A region lying far to the north. {Bee Jambu-dwipa.) (Plural.) The inhabitants of this region. UTTARA MiMANSA. A school of philosophy. See Darsana. UTTARA-NAISHADA-CHARITA. A poem on the life of Nala, king of Kishada, written about the year 1000 a.d. by /S'ri Harsha, a celebrated sceptical philosopher. It has been printed in the Bihllotheca Indica. UTTARA-RAMA-CHARITA. ' The later chronicle of Rama. A drama by Bhava-bhiiti on the latter part of Rama's life. The second part of King Rama, as the Maha-vira-charita is the first. The drama is based on the Uttara Ka?i(ia of the Rrimaya?ia, and quotes two or three verses from that poem. It was pro- bably written about the beginning of the eighth century. It has been translated in blank verse by Wilson, and more literally by Professor C. H. Tawney. There are several editions of the text. YA. A name of YaruTza ; also name of his dwelling. YACH. ' Speech.' In the i^ig-veda, Yach appears to be the personification of speech by whom knowledge was communicated to man. Thus she is said to have " entered into the i^^'shis," and to make wdiom she loves terrible and intelligent, a priest and a itishi. She was " generated by the gods," and is called " the divine Yach," " queen of the gods," and she is described as "the melodious cow who milked forth sustenance and water," "who yields us nourishment and sustenance." The Brahmawas associate her with Prajapati in the work of creation. In the Taittirlya BrahmaTZ-a she is called " the mother of the Yedas," and " the wife of Indra, who contains within herself all worlds." In the 5'atapatha Brahmawa she is represented as entering into a sexual connection with Prajapati, who, " being desirous of creating, connected himself with various spouses," and among 330 VACH—VAHANA, them, " through his mind, with Vach," from whom "he created the waters ; " or, as this last sentence is differently translated, " He created the waters from the world [in the form] of speech (Vach)." In the Kathaka Ui^anishad this idea is more distinctly- formulated : — " Prajripati was this universe. Yach was a second to him. He associated sexually with her ; she became pregnant ; she departed from him ; she produced these creatures ; she again entered into Prajapati." The Aitareya Brahma?ia and the ^Satapatha Brahma?ia have a story of the Gandharvas having stolen the soma juice, or, as one calls it, " King Soma," and that as the Gandharvas were fond of women, Yach was, at her own suggestion, "turned into a female" by the gods and ii/shis, and went to recover it from them. In the Atharva-veda she is identified with Yiraj, and is the daughter of Kama (desire). " That daughter of thine, 0 Kama, is called the cow, she whom sages denominate Yach- Yiraj." The Maha-bharata also calls her " the mother of the Yedas," and says, " A voice derived from Brahma entered into the ears of them all ; the celestial Saraswati was then produced from the heavens." Here and " in the later mythology, Saraswati was identified with Yach, and became under different names the spouse of Brahma and the goddess of Avisdom and eloquence, and is invoked as a muse," generally under the name of Saraswati, but sometimes as Yach. The Bhagavata Purawa recognises her as " the slender and enchanting daughter " of Brahma, for whom he had a passion, and from whom mankind was produced, that is the female Yiraj. {See Yiraj and >S'ata-rripa.) Saraswati, as wife of Brahma and goddess of wisdom, represents perhaps the union of power and intelligence which was supposed to operate in the work of crea- tion. According to the Padma Purawa, Yach was daughter of Daksha, wife of Ka^yapa, and mother of the Gandharvas and Apsarases. YADAYA, YAZ)AYANALA Tlie submarine fire which " devours the water of the ocean," causing it to throw off the vapours which are condensed into rain and snow. The word is also written YacZava and BacZava. See Aurva. YAHANA. 'A vehicle.' Most of the gods are represented as having animals as their vjlhanas. Brahma has tlie Hansa, swan or goose ; Yish/m has Garuf/a, half eagle, half man ; /S'iva, the VAHNI—VAIROCHANA. 331 "bull iN^andi ; India, an elephant ; Yama, a buffalo ; Karttikeya, a peacock ; Kama-deva, the marine monster Makara, or a parrot ; Agni, a ram ; VaruTia, a fish ; Ganesa, a rat ; Vayu, an antelope ; /Sani, or Saturn, a vulture ; Durga, a tiger. VAHNI Fire. See Agni. YAHUKA. ' Charioteer.' A name and office assumed by Nala in his time of disguise. YAIBHOJAS. The Maha-bharata says, " The descendants of Druhyu are the Yaibhojas." "A people unacquainted with the use of cars or beasts of burthen, and who travel on rafts ; they have no kings." — Wilson. YAIBHEAJA. A celestial grove ; the grove of the gods on IVIount Suparswa, west of Meru. YAIDARBHA. Belonging to the country of Yidarbha or Birar. The people of that country. YAIDEHA. Belonging to the country of Yideha or Tirhoot, &c. The king or the people of the country. Janaka was called Yaideha and Sita was Yaidehi. YAIDYA-NATHA. ' Lord of physicians.' A title of ^iva. !Name of one of the twelve great Lingas. See Linga. YAIJAYAXTA. The palace or the banner of Indra. YAIJAYANTl. i. The necklace of Yish^iu, composed of five precious gems, pearl, ruby, emerald, sapphire, and diamond; it " is the aggregate of the five elemental rudiments." 2. A law-book current in the south. It is a commentary by ISTanda PaTZtZita on the Yishmi Smriti. YAIKAETTANA. A name of Kar?^a from his putative father, Yikarttana, the sun. YAIKUNTHA. The paradise of Yishmi, sometimes de- scribed as on Mount Meru, and at others as in the Northern Ocean. It is also called Yaibhra. Yish?iu liimself is sometimes designated by this term. YAIXATEYA. A name of Yishwu's bird Garui?a. YAIRAJ. Manu the son of Yiraj. YAIRAJAS.