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" It was three days' journey east of tlie Indus, and General Cunningham has found its remains at Sahh-dharl, one mile north-east of Kala-klsarai. TALAJANGHA. Son of Jaya-dhwaja, king of Avanti, of TALA-KETU—TANTRA. 317 the Hailiaya race, and founder of the Tala-jangha tribe of Hai- hayas. See Haihaya. TALA-KETU. ' Palm-banner.' An appellation of Bhishma; also of an enemy killed by Kr ish?ia. Eala-rama had the synonym- ous appellation Tala-dhwaja. TALAM. The throne of Durga. TALAVAKx\RA. A name of the Kena Upanishad. TAMASA. The fourth Manu. See Manu. T AM AS A. The river " Tonse," rising in the i?iksha moun- tains, and falling into the Ganges. TAMRA-LIPTA. The country immediately west of the Bha- girathi ; Tamlook, Hijjali, and Midnapore. Its inhabitants are called Tamra-liptakas. TAMRA-PARiVA, TALIRA-PARATI. Ceylon, the ancient Taprobane. There was a town in the island called Tamra-parwl, from which the whole island has been called by that name. TAiV7)U. One of /S'iva's attendants. He was skilled in music, and invented the dance called Tawt?ava. See ^Siva. TA7V"i)YA, TAiVZ)AKA. The most important of the eight Brahmawas of the Sama-veda. It has been published in the Bihliotheca hidica. T ANTRA. ' Rule, ritual.' The title of a numerous class of religious and magical works, generally of later date than the Pura?zas, and representing a later development of religion, although the worship of the female energy had its origin at an earlier period. The chief pecuHarity of the Tantras is the pro- minence they give to the female energy of the deity, his active nature being personified in the person of his ^Sakti, or wife. There are a few Tantras which make Vish?m's wife or Radha the object of devotion, but the great majority of them are devoted to one of the manifold forms of Devi, the ^Sakti of jS'iva, and they are commonly written in the form of a dialogue between these two deities. Devi, as the ^S'akti of /S'iva, is the especial energy concerned with sexual intercourse and magical powers, and these are the leading topics of the Tantras. There are five requisites for Tantra worship, the five Makaras or five m's — (i.) Madya, wine; (2.) Mansa, flesh; (3.) Matsya, fish; (4.) Mudra, parched grain and mystic gesticulations ; (5.) Maithuna, sexual intercourse. Each ^S'akti has a twofold nature, white and black, gentle and ferocious. Thus Uma and Gauri are gentle forms of 3i8 TAPAR-LOKA—TARKSHYA. the ASakti of 5iva, while Diirga and Kali are fierce forms. The >Saktas or worshippers of the 5aktis are divided into two classes, Dakshinacharis and Vamacharis, the right-handed and the left- handed. The worship of the right-hand >Saktas is comparatively decent, but that of the left hand is addressed to the fierce forms of the /S'aktis, and is most licentious. The female principle is worsliipped, not only symbolically, but in the actual woman, and promiscuous intercourse forms part of the orgies. Tantra worship prevails chiefly in Bengal and the Eastern provinces. TAPAE-LOKA, TAPO-LOKA. Se& Loka. TAP ATI. The river Tapti personified as a daughter of the Sun by Chhaya. She was mother of Kuru by Samvarawa. TARA. Wife of the monkey king Balin, and mother of Angada. After the death of Balin in battle she was taken to wife by his brother, Su-griva. TARA, TARAKA. Wife of Bnhaspati. According to the Pura/ias, Soma, the moon, carried her off, which led to a great war between the gods and the Asuras. Brahma put an end to the war and restored Tarii, but she was delivered of a child which she declared to be the son of Soma, and it was named Budha. See Brzliaspati. TARAKA. Son of A^ajranaka. A Daitya whose austerities made him formidable to the gods, and for whose destruction Skanda, the god of war, was miraculously born. TARAKA. A female Daitya, daughter of the Yaksha Su-ketu or of the demon Sunda, and mother of Maricha. She was changed into a Rakshasi by Agastya, and lived in a forest called by her name on the Ganges, opposite the confluence of the Sarju, and she ravaged all the country round. Yiswamitra desired Rama-chandra to kill her, but he was reluctant to kill a woman. He resolved to deprive her of the power of doing harm, and cut off her two arms. Lakslima?ia cut off her nose and ears. She, by the power of sorcery, assailed Rama and Lakshma?ia with a fearful shower of stones, and at the earnest command of Yiswa- mitra, the former killed her with an arrow. — Ramdyana. TARAKA-MAYA. The war which arose in consequence of Soma, the moon, having carried off Tara, the wife of Brihaspati. TARKSIIYA. An ancient mythological personification of tlie sun in the form of a horse or bird. In later times the name is applied to Garu6?a. TATWA SAMASA—TRI-GARTTA. 319 TATWA SAMASA. A text-book of the Sankliya pliilo- sopliy, attributed to Kapila himself. TELINGA. The Telugu country, stretching along the coast from Orissa to Madras. TILOTTAMA, Name of an Apsaras. She was originally a Brahman female, but for the offence of bathing at an improper season she was condemned to be born as an Apsaras, for the purpose of bringing about the mutual destruction of the two demons Sunda and Upasunda. TIMIN, TIMIN-GILA. The Timin is a large fabulous fish. The Timin-gila, 'swallower of the Timin,' is a still larger one; and there is one yet larger, the Timin-gila-gila or Timi-timin-gila, 'swallowerof the Timin-gila.' Cf. the Arabic Tinnin, sea-serpent. It is also called Samudraru. TISHYA. The Kali Yuga or fourth age. TITTIRI. ' A partridge.' An ancient sage who was the pupil of Yaska, and is an authority referred to by Pamni. Some attri- bute the Taittirlya Sanhita of the Yajur-veda to him. See Yeda. TOSALAKA. An athelete and boxer who was killed by Iv7*fsh?ia in the public arena in the presence of Kansa. TRAIGAETTAS. The people of Tri-gartta (q.v.). TRASADASYU. A royal sage and author of hymns. Ac- cording to SayaTza, he was son of Purukutsa. When Purukutsa was a prisoner, "his queen propitiated the seven itishis to obtain a son who might take his father's place. They advised her to worship Indra and Yaruwa, in consequence of which Trasadasyu was born." He was renowned for his generosity. According to the Bhagavata Pura?^a he was father of Purukutsa. TRETA YUGA. The second age of the world, a period of 1,296,000 years. See Yuga. TRI-BHUVANA, TRI-LOKA. The three worlds, Swarga, Bhiimi, Patala — heaven, earth, and helL TRI-DAaSA. 'Three times ten, thirt}^' In round numbers, the thirty-three deities — twelve Adityas, eight Vasus, eleven Rudras, and two Aswins. TRI-GARTTA. 'The country of the three strongholds,' lately identified with the northern hiU state of Kotocli, which is still called by the people "the country of Traigart." — Wilson. General Cunningham, however, clearly identifies it with the Jalandhar Doab and Kangra. 320 TRI-JA TA—TRI-MURTI. TRI-JATA. An amiable Eaksliasi wlio "befriended Sita when she was the captive of EavaTia in Ceylon. She is also called Dhanna-jna. TEI-KAiV7)A aS'ESHA A Sanskri't vocabulary in three chapters, composed as a supplement to the Amara-kosha. It has been printed in India. TRI-KUJA. 'Three peaks.' i. The mountain on which the city of Lanka was built. 2. A mountain range running south from Meru. TRI-LOCHANA. ' Three-eyed/ ?'.g., iS'iva. The Maha-bhSrata relates that the third eye burst from /Siva's forehead with a great flame when his wife playfully placed her hands over his eyes after he had been engaged in austerities in the Himalaya. This eye has been very destructive. It reduced Kama, the god of love, to ashes, TRI-MURTI. 'Triple form.' The Hindu triad. This was foreshadowed in the Yedic association of the three gods Agni, Vayu, and Surya. The triad consists of the gods Brahma, A^iva, and Yish?iu, the representatives of the creative, destructive, and preservative principles. Brahma is the embodiment "of the Rajo-guwa, the quality of passion or desire, by which the world was caUed into being ; ^Siva is the embodied Tamo-guwa, the attribute of darkness or wrath, and the destructive fire by which the earth is annihilated ; and Yish/iu is the embodied Satwa-gu?ia, or property of mercy and goodness by which the world is preserved. The three exist in one and one in three, as the Veda is divided into three and is yet but one ; and they are all Asrita, or comprehended within that one being who is Parama or ' supreme,' Guhya or ' secret,' and Sarvatma, ' the soul of all things.' " — JVilson.