English
The material quality arismg from mind has one characteristic resembling the mind, namely, that of arising at the same instant, but do not resemble the mmd in respect of the two characteristics of ceasing and having one object. A question can be asked as to why kaya viiiiiatti and vaci viiifiatti (®tco5^e3^etS ©S 8,e:^S3^t55f9) the two material qualities of media of communi- cation through body and speech, which resemble consciousness in the fact of arising and ceasing as stated in the duals (^"cittanuparivattino dhamma, citta sahabhuno dhamma") are not included among cetasikas or mental properties. Those two material qualities though resembling m two character- istics, do not resemble in respect of object and base. There- fore they should not be included among the cetasikas or mental properties. A moment of consciousness has three instants v/^ arising (uppada ^^09^ stationary (thiti S<S) and ceasing bhanga OOoQD). With the exception of the material qualities of media of communication the rest of the material qualities originating from mind last till the lapse of 51 such instants or 17 moments of thought or consciousness. That is not all ; material qualities originat- ing from mind are unable to conceive objects. Conscious- ness is able to conceive objects. Again, classes of consciousness are associated with such bases as eye-base and so on. The material qualities derived from the four great essentials (upada rupa C^'^^l®) 3"^ originating from mind are, in each group (kalapa 80(^90) associated with the four great essentials existing in each group. Therefore material qualities, which, originating from mind, though resembling a consciousness only in the characteristic of arising, do not resemble in the other three characteristics in respect of ceasing at one and the same time and having one object and one base, cannot be included among the cetasikas or mental properties. \ 65 II. Next, there are six mental properties termed particular* (not invariably present in consciousness) to wit : — MENTAL PROPERTIES CALLED PARTICULAR. (1) Initial application (vitakko 8e)®03^K5^t). (2) Sustained application (vicar5 S£d9). (3) Deciding (Adhimokkho <?S®)i®SS€)3). (4) Effort (viriyan ©S^cCo). (5) Pleasurable interest (piti 8t9). (6) Conation desire-to-do (chand5 Cf®25^).''^ Now these i 3 mental properties are to be considered as being either one or the other. Note 1. Pakinnaka CtS-C^^^jfiyi) lit: scattered about. Note 2. Kattu kammyata chanda (syi35X^ fi3&®GiD Cf i32J is intended here.) Note 3. Afina samana (^53^ 0D@3*O9). They are purely psychological terms of immoral import, but become moral or immoral, according as they combine in a moral or immoral thought. III. Next, there are 14 immoral mental properties, to wit : — IMMORAL MENTAL PROPERTIES. (1) Dulness (moh5 (5)®o) (2) Impudence (ahirikan Cf(&3fSio) (3) Recklessness of consequences (anottappan ^®t090>G>C3o) (4) Distraction (uddhacchaii C®^<^ (5) Greed (l6bh5 ©(ja®®^) 66 (6) Error (ditrhi ^cS) (7) Conceit (mand ®3©2S53) (8) Hate (doso ®<^®005) (9) Envy (issa (^ OCCD >) (10) Selfishness (macchariyan i€xf3^a8o) ( 1 1) Worry (kukkuccan ^t;5!B^£©o) (12) Sloth (thinan SlOo) (13) Torpor (middhan *©c) (14) Perplexity (vicikiccha S©s3Ccf ) IV. Next, there are nineteen mental properties which are common to all that is moral and beautiful to wit : — MENTAL PROPERTIES COMMON TO ALL THAT IS BEAUTIFUL.' (l) Confidence (saddha C6 D9) Mindfulness fsati COtS) Prudence (hin & 5) Discretion ^ottappan ®63 35 0:3o) Disinterestedness (^alobhd Cf(s^o&^9) Amity (ad5so ^®(^®ec) Balance of mind ratramajjatthata 0^52)C^df5:^ta3) Composure of mental properties'^ (kayapassaddhi 5353 30 O00® ) Composure of mind citta-passaddhi StSO>OCC®) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Buoyancy ot mental properties (kaya lahuta tsjJCO OQG53 (11) Buoyancy of mind {citta lahuta ^OGiQ^aJaj (12) Pliancy ot mental properties (kaya muduta G3i30 (13) Pliancy of mind (cittamuduta S®CQ^gOD9) (14) Fitness of work of mental properties (kaya kammafinata (15) Fitness of work of mind (©l5>6>a035D.e3^a53 citta kammafinata) (16) Proficiency of mental properties Tkaya paguiiiiata aS)>J0OtC]Q££>e^d53) (17) Proficiency of mind (citta paguiinata ©tS^OaoQ C^CS^^d) (18) Rectitude of mental properties (kayujjukata 85)3 SC5;:^) tS)d39 (19) Rectitude of mind (cittujjukata ^oat^d^^^JO^j) 11 { 67 Note i. Sobhana sadharana (®0C 36022 K D^ad-C^) common to all that is beautiful. Note 2. Kaya ( fiS^ocC ) here, meaning aggregate, refers to the nama kaya (SOj^taicC) as opposed to the rupa kaya (djCCS)ooa). That it is so can be seen from the following comment kay5titi cettha vedanadi khandhattayassa gahanan aaa^jaatStS aB'i^ (St ^aa9§S)^CX5> 060530 COQD-€^o) This agress with The Venerable Buddhaghosa's Attha Salini Raya (BSacO) means the three khandas (o)Xo:>) feeling (vedana ®©<52Co), perception (saiifia co^ss^^S^) and volitional activities (sankhara flOooiadj) Hence the distinction appears to be, not so much between sense of thought, as between factors of consciousness and consciousness as a whole. V. Next, there are three Abstinences,* vi^: — THE THREE ABSTINENCES. (1) Right speech (sammavaca CS ©^30303) (2) Right action ^samma kammanto a®®)DSS>3^^t5>350 (^) Right livelihood ^samma jivo OOS®3C5©0d) Note i. Viratiyo ;Sdt9(©C30a) lit: — abstinences, that is, "finding no pleasure in taking away life" ^^panatipata veramani sikkha padan C3^3?9c9a>9 @t)6^4^ 8!55)a)3C^o or pativirato h5ti oS8d@G33@®3tS) etc. THE ILLIMITABLES AND REASON. VI. Next, there are the illimitables,* vj^: — (i) Pity (karuna iSi6i4^^) (2) Appreciation^ (mudita ^§G^3)'^ ^m ) 68 These, together with VII reason''^ (OC3^23|a6o pannindriyan), in all manner of division, are to be considered as the twenty five morally beautiful mental properties. Note i . Two of the four Brahmaviharas. The other two are repre- sented by IV (6) amity for metta (5@e503) and iv (7) balance of mind, equanimity, impartiality for upekkha ^C®^5S©9). Note 2. Mudita (^§t35o) is joy felt over other's success or over good work done ; the congratulatory or benevolent attitude. Note ^ Paiifiindriyan C5£^53q55|* as a cetasika (@©t3a8t55) is not confined to the lokottara citta (®^9®SS5lOD35d ©OK55) only. 1 i 69 CHAPTER VIII COMPARISON OF MENTAL PROPERTIES WITH DRUGS. For example, say a Pharmacist has 52 kinds of drugs, of which 1^ are ordinary drugs, 14 poisonous drugs and 25 specifics. He is not able to compound a mixture with only the drugs themselves. It is absolutely necessary to have pure unpolluted water for the purpose. According to the prescription he utilizes some of the drugs and makes a mixture with water. After the mixture is made it is not possible to separate the different drugs from the water. Hence they are associated with or coexisting in the water. When the water is drunk the drugs too are drunk. The bottle containing the mixture, has water and drugs co-existing therein and incapable of being separated therefrom. Results obtained from different mixtures vary according to the properties of drugs; cure is effected in respect of specifics and relief rendered with ordinary drugs. Conscious- ness and mental properties function in the same manner. Cetasikas (S©t®a>) are the properties associated with or co-existing in a state of consciousness. Consciousness is like the water, and mental properties or cetasika are like the drugs associated with or co-existing in the water. When a state of consciousness arises certain mental properties belonging to that class of consciousness also arise. When consciousness ceases, mental properties too cease. When consciousness perceives a sense impression or conceive an idea the mental properties too perceive the same sense impression or conceive the same idea. When consciousness has for its base the eye base and so on, the mental properties too have the same base. Therefore, the natural elements such as contact and so on arising in con- sciousness and possessing the four characteristic features above mentioned are called mental properties or cetasika. The characteristics of consciousness and its concomitants are varied and many. Consciousness is like a drug and cetasika are like the properties of a drug.