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In some places 74 that this one-pointedness is made known as concentration should be understood. This too, as it is associated with all the classes of consciousness, is called a mental property common to all classes of consciousness (sabba citta sadharana floS)€i) 6. PSYCHIC LIFE. Psychic life JIvitindriyan dStS'^oBo) is a state asso- ciated with consciousness which prevents consciousness and Its mental properties from dying. It maintains the life of consciousness and its mental properties. It is like the water that maintains the life of lotus and prevents it from fading. If psychic life is not present in consciousness, then conscious- ness and its mental properties cannot exist and thcretore die. It IS because of the presence of psychic life in consciousness that consciousness and its mental properties exist without dying. On no occasion could the psychic life be separated from consciousness. It is present in every state of consciousness. Therefore, this too is a property common to all classes of con- sciousness i^sabba citta sadharana 005)n) ^ZPS2) too))64l^). This is the psychic life of mind nama jivitindriya ti33S)59j3'^Q0). That of matter (rupa jivitindriya diOdStS3|aB) will be discussed in the chapter on matter. 7. ATTENTION. Attention (manasikaro ^33 8 8353® ^o) is that state which is present in every state of consciousness which moves the mind confronting its object, or that state which whilst confront- ing its object makes the associated mental properties too con- front their object. It is like a driver of horses who directs them to go along the path he wishes. This property too is common to all classes of consciousness, as it is associated with all classes (sabba citta sadharana C0S)5) ^i5'iS)%0^^64^). Perception, volition, attention and application have very subtle differences. In some places "Five-door turning to" and "Mind-door turning to" are shown as attention. As these 7 mental properties are associated with each class of consciousness described in chapter I, they are known as mental properties common to all classes (sabba citta sadharana 75 CHAPTER IX PARTICULAR MENTAL PROPERTIES. 1. INITIAL APPLICATION. Initial application (vitakkd SGa@eS>CS>3) is a state present in consciousness which makes consciousness and the associated mental properties reach an object and apply itself for the first time on an object. It is like an official accompany- ing a villager and visiting the king's palace. Here, initial application is like the official, consciousness is like the villager, and the object like the king's palace. Now, if there is no initial application, consciousness will not reach the object. Because there is this initial application in consciousness, conscious- ness reaches the object. As such is the case, the mental property present in consciousness, which makes consciousness reach an object, is called initial application. In as much as a villager could reach the king's palace without an official, when he has got used to visiting the palace, so could consciousness, which has got used to reaching the object by initial application, reach an object later without initial applica- tion like classes of consciousness belonging to the 2nd. stage of Jhana. Right aspiration in the Eight-fold Noble Path is the initial application present in the transcendental classes of consciousness such as those of stream-attainment and so on. The initial application present in consciousness accompanied by insight is also right aspiration among those who are in the path of spiritual progress. Initial application is obtained in 55 classes of consciousness vi<. 44 classes of consciousness experienced in Kamaloka with the exception of tlie twice five-fold sense impressions, and 1 1 classes of the 1st. stage of Jhana. It is not associated with the 10 classes of twice five-fold sense impressions, 1 1 classes of the 2nd. stage of Jhana, 1 1 of the 3rd. stage, 1 1 of the 4th. stage, and 23 of the 5th. stage of Jhana. making in all 66 classes. As initial application is a factor of Jhana, the number of classes of consciousness with reference to this should be reckoned as 121. 76 2. SUSTAINED APPLICATION. Sustained application (vicaro S03(5dj) is a state present in consciousness, which has reached an object by initial appli- cation, which sustains consciousness on the object. That is to say, It has the property of sustaining coexistent consciousness and its mental properties on the object. Although both initial application and sustained application are associated with a state of consciousness at one and the same time, initial application is gross, like the sound of a bell when first rung. Sustained application is subtle, like the echo originating from the first ringing of the bell. Again, initial application is like a bird flying from the earth up the air exercising his wings, and sus- tained application is like the same bird who is up the air with its wings extended in its flight. Initial application is like a bee alighting on a flower and sustained application like its sucking the nutritive essence of the flower. Sustained application is associated with the 5 5 classes of consciousness in which initial application is associated with and the 1 1 classes of the 2nd stage of jhana, making in all 66 classes. It is not associated with 55 classes of consciousness, namely, 10 of twice fivefold sense impressions, 1 1 ol ^rd stage and i i of 4th Stage of Jhana and 23 of the 5th stage of Jhana. This too is a factor of Jhana. Therefore the number of classes of consciousness should be reckoned as 121. 3. DECIDING Deciding (Adhimokkh5 C^Q<5®5c)3) is a state present in consciousness, which keeps consciousness retained on the object with firm faith and decision. Its stability is like that of a post fixed on the earth several feet deep, which cannot be shaken by strong winds blowing in any direction. When there is absence of this factor in consciousness, then consciousness cannot be retained on the object and is unstable and shaky. It is only when this property is present that consciousness is stable and not shaky in respect of the object. This property is associated with 78 classes of consciousness, leaving off 10 classes of twice five-fold sense impressions and I of perplexity. As this property is not a factor of the Jhanas, the number of classes reckoned here is 89. 7: 4. EFFORT Effort (X'iriyan SS'Ao) is a state present in consciousness, which causes the coexistent states to make an effort in performing their functions. It is like giving support to a dilapidated house, or a commander m an army supplying necessary war materials and provisions to soldiers, which would tend to prevent them from worry and stimulate the arising of effort. This property is obtained in 73 classes of consciousness, leaving; off 16 classes, viz. i consciousness of five-door turning to seiise impressions, 10 two five-fold sense impressions, 2 recipient consciousness and 3 investigating consciousness. 5. PLEASURABLE INTEREST. Pleasurable interest (piti 8t9) is a state existing in con- sciousness, which pleases or makes the consciousness and the associated mental properties happy. For instance, when a thirsty wanderer walking in a desert meets a man and inquires where he can obtain water from, he is told that he could obtain very fine and sparkling water from a pond, which abounds in five different kinds of flowers, no sooner than he walks a certain distance along the same road. The wanderer walks faster onwards with a view to quenching his thirst as soon as possible and on seeing the pond referred to experiences a certain sensation and that state in consciousness is called pleasure. When this property arises in consciousness associated with mental properties, it is like dropping some oil on to a piece of cotton wool. Consciousness associated with mental properties is like the cotton wool, and pleasure like the oil. This pleasure is of five kinds viz.