English
In the case of composite numerals like ^Tenscrr DQn-Chi’, Seventy-one, only the last number of the compound is repeated Ex. :_ Don-chi<5-chi’ , Seventy-one each , seventy-one at a time, or In seventy-ones. $.—Aggregates. Expressions like The two together, or Both , or All three or The whole ten, may be rendered with the aid of the particles f TT Ka, or 5* Cha, or CJ* Po, affixed to the cardinal. Ex. :■—*T|^r 7 ?r XyI-ka. Both, or The two together ; En^£J'£T Sum-po, All three , or The three together ; *5* Gu-Ciia , The whole nine. Po, thus affixed, may also signify the aforesaid , if the context so requires. 9.—Fractions. These are usually expressed by adding the word <5" Ch‘a, Part to the cardinal, which is sometimes put in the Genitive Case. Thus:-_ Jrd is rendered by cjj$I£rc6' Sum-ch‘ a . i th ,, Zhyi-ch‘a. ^shnd ,, ., ,, Sod-tfYi ch‘a, or Sod-ifryf kyi ch * a . TBbtll ,, }j ,, Gya-ch 4 a or Gyai-ch‘a. TTTcotll ,, ,, *yC*£* Tong-Ch'a, or ^ Tong- V Gi-ch‘a. |rd ,, SUM-CH*A Nvj. Jth ,, Zhyi-ch a sum. As regards there is a special expression. namely, SVT CH‘ k’-KA, 1+. may be rendered two ways: either 5|OT| , ^C'W ,, Tr 90 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Chi’ Pang CH‘fe’-KA, or CH f k’ Pang #Yt, With a half t two. The latter is the commoner usage in the Colloquial. is rendered Sum Pang 2hyi-cjh‘a, or Zhyi-ch‘a sum Pang 2hyi, With %ths four. I The leader received one-tenth ^ v^j s3 rif the hoot if. 10.—Adverbial Cardinal Numbers. Expressions like Once , Twice, Thrice , Four times, etc., are rendered by the word Ps'ar^ or T f eng 'Fiats followed by tho desired cardinal number. Ex.:—eE^/S^P]' Ts‘ar-chi’ , or g^^ e H5 c T|’ T‘ eng-chi’ , Once ; Tsar-^yJ, or SjC^^ST T* ENO-itYf Twice; Tsar-sum or T‘eng-sum , Thrice Ts ar-zhyi or T eng . ZHY i Four times. 3 Another word with the same signification, as <3>^* Tsar and ^C^J’ T' eng is LSn, but it is not so much used in the Colloquial Other expressions that may here he mentioned are :— Lam-Sang : At once. Forthwith , Straightway, Immediately. Da rung ts‘ar-chi’ : Once more.* I >A-RUNO TS‘ AR-Yl 1 _^ _ c-. V Twice more. ^ Da-rung ENG-ftYt \ •v Ts er, A separate time or occasion , or instance. "V V <5. Ts‘er ts'er, Many times , On separate occasions. Repeatedly. Shug-ts‘er, A $e/wrote time or occasion. Ts £ ar mang-po : Many times. Ts ar mang-po rang (with negative) : Not many times. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 91 Once upon a time , or Once, or One day, referring either to the past or the future, may be rendered ( or OJdf, or sjCST ) (W or -TT) Dfj TS'ar (or LAN, or t'eng) CHT’ (zhvi’, or SHl’) ; or Du-re-zhyi’, or DtT-RE-^H YI(5-dl T9‘E. 11.—Adverbial, Ordinal Numbers. These are formed by adding 3 n* Ra, to the £]' Po. or CJ* Pa, of the ordinals. Ex. :— DanG-POR : Firstly. NyI-par : Secondly, STOtWrcp; TsAd-CHld-PAR : Twenty-one* thly / = Tire nty- firstly . v 12.—Definite and Indefinite Numerals. Among these may be classed the following :— ^ST'Tf NyI-ka, Both, e.g. t Both this and that Both the pretty girls have arrived. 5PJC- Su-yang, Anybody ; (with a negative) = None f Ndbody. Oa-6ai, Anything ; (with a negative) = N one, Nothing, The Literary forms of ^A-dXi, are =T|CI'iKJCL* Gang-Yang, and 5’CXJC Chi-yang. Another expression is Chig-yang, Even one ; (with a negative)— None, Nobody, Nothing. Examples. .Vow? of them arrived . / knotr none of them lZFi> i\f 92 TIBETAN GRAMMAR or c\*r2frs^| Irufc-J A one of these things will suit me. None , or neither of these two will do. Expressions like A whole (something), An entire (something), A complete (something), A full (something), are rendered by J7|C.**T[’ Gang-<5a, gJCp Gano-k‘a, or simply cjp Gang, or §p Gang ; and the word =T% Chi’, one, or &|- CHi’,^^i snot made use of at all in such eases. Ex. :— (org|C-) I •o ^'tFSFF'^S 1 1 C’Of E'(^'^rTj a;-cyj ^*CT|^ ^ *^CT| *VF\ The soldiers are roasting a whole OX # This is not a complete story. Please give me a full cup of tea. Entirely is rendered by Tims Bx'-ftE, used only with a negative Those accounts are not altogether (or entirely) accurate. CHA All x whole, entire, may also be rendered by T‘am-i Ts'ang-ma, and gJC’p' GANG-K A,or Gang-oa. Ex. : — i I)e t'am-gha’, not They nil. Suddenly the whole crowd dis- appeared. All the women were frightened 1>en-tso t' am-chX * TIBETAN GRAMMAR. W3 Gang, or *Tp* 6 ang, is also used in connection with weights and measures instead of =T|5=T|* # or Chi', One, A, An. So also, in connection with weights and measures and the Tibetan monetary system, Do, is used instead of Nvt, Tiro, and signifies A couple . Otherwise the word for a couple is <5* Ch‘a. ut a phrase like Two-legged, or Three-legged , is rendered with the particle thus or rfpgsrq* Here means possessed of. Other expressions are : Double, or Tu-o-fold ■ 0]9SJ-ftj*r Tioice-barn ; Every second day. 1^oun Substantives. Ts‘o, the Plural-sign used in the Colloquial, is never expressed, either in speech or in writing, after a numeral adjective, or numeral adjectives, the noun-substantive thereby qualified alwavs remaining in the singular. Ex. :— ( not frafrgpr) Three ,nen will go urith you. 14. —Notation by Letters, The use of the Ka-k‘ai Sam pang, or Alphabeti¬ cal Enumeration, has already been explained (.9ee§ 26 II). In this con¬ nection, when references in Indices, or Registers, or to quotations from learned works are being cited, it is customary to qualify the numeral letter by affixes such as CJ* Pa, CK* Par, and Cl'Ol* Pa-la, of which the first denotes the Rook, Register, Index, or the like, to which reference is being made, and the last two denote that the particular quotation or citation is to be found in some particular Book etc 94 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Ex.:— T‘o a-pa : Register No t 30. ^’ypTCJ^* Po-ti k'a-par : In Volume No. 2. T‘o (i a- pa- la : In Index No. 3. CHAPTER II. ETYMOLOGY. § 27. —The Definite Article. 1. The Definite Article The {which is really only an abbreviation of That) is represented in Tibetan in various ways, the principal being the words Di, and ^ De, of which the former is usually said to mean This, and the latter That. Cs Properly, or ^ when used at all, should always follow the noun or adjective which it distinguishes. As a rule it is only used when the distinguishing or demonstrative idea is intended to be conveyed. Examples :— | Th is man arrived first . ^ qSC q ^ I The good man whom you sent. g-Sfsgsrsf^ \ Thut prMy girl As a matter of fact Tibetans altogether discard the article in con¬ versation, unless they really desire to express the demonstrative or distinguishing idea. Examples :— The man is coming. Shut the door. Open the tvindow. A distinction, however, in the use of and is made between the nearer and the remoter relation, in regard both to time and sixice 9(> TIBETAN GRAMMAR. For instance, when the article is intended to distinguish some person or thing already referred to, but to whom or to which reference is again being made, then, on the occasion of the second or any subae- quent reference, Tibetans use I)e ; Di having been used on the occasion of the first reference. Example : Notice also how The man has arrived (referring to £3inebody already men¬ tioned). an d are used in a phrase like this :— 0^‘psrST (or ) WJZ^Tsqp^ This is the messenger who came yesterday. (N.B. —yesterday t is Colloquial, p’SJC is Literary). So, if on the occasion of the first reference, the object distin¬ guished was a distant object, then would be used ; C^’ being employed to distinguish a near or present object. Ex. :_ ^ ^ or P'W) That man (referring to somebody ^ ^ a distance) is the messenger 1 who came yesterday. When, moreover, the article distinguishes first one and then another of two objects, both of which are present, and which are bein<* contrasted, or to which an alternative reference is being made, then in the ease of the one, C^’ would be used, and, in the case of the other. V Ex. : — This man cannot go, hut that man can go (will go). Practically, therefore, in addition to representing the article The, ^ respectively also represent the distinguishing adjectives This and That. They also respectively represent Tins one and That one ; he, she, it. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 97 Pettrae. The Colloquial plural of is (pronounced £)IN-ts’o ), The, 'These, They : and that of is ^’5* (pronounced Den-ts’o) The, Those, They. Both articles, however, are often used in the singular to dis¬ tinguish collective nouns. In such cases they precede the word they distinguish. Ex. : — These three Those five. All these . ^'§FT q 1 All those. The following is Literary :— Ail these sayings pleased greatly. ?fT§ c ' I Where a plural noun is qualified by an adjective, and the whole is distinguished by the article, it is the article which takes the plural sign ^ Ts o, and it is the which takes whatever case-sign there may be. Ex.:— I shall speak to these learned c c lamas. 3*^1 2. Another method by which the Definite Article is represented is by using the particle 3j' Ni; but this is rather Literary than Colloquial In a long and involved sentence it may be placed after the principal noun, or noun-phrase, so as to distinguish it prominently. It may also be used to emphasize a particular word or expression, and may even be employed in addition to *V 13 98 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Ex. es The twelve rar-gos (or ror-heads ) ^ CN Mankind are the noblest of all animals. ■S CV And the word was with Ood m {John i. 1.) S9 qgq^*cr*F 1 3.