English
Please do not stand in front of me S^^g-fC^§-5J*-2p|*rar ' Tibet is beyond Sikhim ^Vll ^gsrlc^-qartgaj^c-^qqj-t^Qr g-d^-ar^^i pcer^-^yrar^ccri | Sikhim is between Nipal and Butan . *•'%'& <VWT (or acx- or SF°0 | The house is near the river. It is snowing on the htil-tops. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 71 ^Vfljoreje^C-ara^sr] | gC-'JJ-iyifg^-^gorar (or ap’^) yu <£=rp4 { or *W) <v^i ycf ot^ct] | The money is inside the leather bag. The wolf is in the midst of the flock of sheep. The city stands beside a big river. The court of justice is near a pretty garden. The child creeps under the pony's legs. It will be seen that the above Locative postpositions axe used, with the Genitive Case, that is, they are connected by means of the Genitive sign with the substantive or other part of speech to which they refer. Notice, however, the following constructions :— pen* ( or ) nf£rn|9*r^j-q*,- The dog chases the hen round the house. The load must pass through between the two posts. The train, passing through the midst of the rocky hill, inside the constructed path , ran =* The train ran through the rock by the tunnel. VIII. —The Pebiodal ob Durational Case. This case expresses relations of Time. Its common signs are the same primitive particles as those which denote the Locative Case, namely :— 72 TIBETAN ORAMMAK. ^ NA QT LA At, In, During, etc. There are also others, like Ru, Ra, J^u, Dtj, etc. 'O w Sometimes the sign is used alone, and sometimes it forms part of compound postpositions, or even of precedent adverbial expressions. Examples :— sroj-g-q^-ar 1 STc’i gm-i^gar^c-efai-q^-cr^-tqlqi-ai- NO t| R c ' a v5' ( or 9^) ^sr^q-nj- ( Gr UW*1C*| 0^*0’S^rgq|^vjS4* 3^1 egq’Wj | ^ (or qjfflqpp > C$4’Q^’ ^5*F£FF*^k* (or -q^*v <VFI! He must go at three o'clock. He came to India in h is twentieth year. I shall pay you within three months. At (or during) the first salutation Tibetans present ceremonial scarfs to each other. The devil disappeared at dusk . I knew the doctrine of Brnldha a long time ago. I knew the Amhan named Shangtai a short time ago. At the same time (or At a certain time) he was Chinese Ambassa¬ dor in Datgeeling. Since that time f so / have heard , he has died. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 73 *or ( or £J*LVJC g^-tj)gq|-aj-jgq^-ci'^ | ^f“r^W (or £}ej*rf|q*r without the ST) Sp’OrjgiraE' I Please do not come till five o'clock-. Then (or At that time) I will receive you , i.e., grant admit¬ tance. At last you have arrived ! On the way up to (i.e. before reaching or getting to) the hill top, you will be tired. In sentences like the following, where the durational signification is obvious, the case-sign (say Du-la i is omitted It has rained for (or during) two hours. That is to say, it is unnecessary to say just as in English it suffices to say It has rained two hours, instead of for two hours. IX.— The Modal Case. This Case is intended to include all that is connoted by the term Instrumental Case, and some other additional significations. The signs are :— NS : By, Through, By way of , Via. V T)ajtg : With, Against. Sa (silent) : With, Because, Since, etc. Also the Participial idea Cv 3*’ KYfeN-GYI 1 Ca-m (Literary) ( By ' f hro ^ h • ° n of. By reason of vO , Ch‘ iR-bD(Literary) j 74 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. Examples :— q*}C ( nr qg^ ) | Accost (or call to) him by name. Seize the horse by the reins. jqgc-aj-^c-sj-aj^rqgc;-1 yesgc’^sjqfaprqgc - 1 Np 3 C*S r oroj^*rT|’ai-Rq|*cj*^cg=T|’qc;’ | ^^J*^’cB^*gjiq’cf^C:*5qEarq*q^ J q*^Eqc;*csi | V (for q-) If you catch the fowl, catch it by the legs. If you grasp the fish , grasp it by the head. The lamas spoke through trumpets. We met (or fell in) with robbers on the road. The Shyab-pd’s (&hap6s) have had an interview with the Regent. Will the Regent agree with the opin¬ ion of the Rations ? Our soldiers have fought with the enemy, or against the enemy. ET p^* (^T) ^wq^TI no ^rsfe* | Strike the nail with the hammer . He teas ruined by, through, or on account of, the beer-house. The Pdn-chhen-rim-po-chhe, or Tsang-pdn-chhen, called the Tashi Lama, came from Tashi- Ihiimpo via Darjeeling. ^ ie following is Literaiy from the New Testament :— What question (dispute) ye with them ? TIBETAN ORAMMAP 76 Colloquially :— Again: — It is I : be not afraid : Literally, It being I, etc. Colloquially :— C'Si^C (5C*) | The following also is Literary : — or ^cr^ic-1 Through or by what was he ruined? X.—The Ablative Case. Postpositions such as V Dang* N X , and LX, all signi¬ fying From, From amongst , From amidst. Out of, etc., are usually assigned to this case ; but inasmuch as, when carrying those significa¬ tions, they really express the idea of Direction from, they have been placed under the heading Terrninative Case. LX, however, possesses meanings other than Direction from. Accordingly, LX, and ^ Na, may be taken as the signs of the Ablative Case, as expressive of significations such as the following : — LX : Than , Except } Save, But, But for , Besides, etc. <3j* Na (with negative): Unless, If,.not. Examples : — The Shape will not stay in India except for a few months, i.e, longer than a few months. There was nobody in the fortress except one soldier. gC*a|*^c:'ar^5icT|-5l*cr|5ci|’a^i*^' 76 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. ^1 s^’^'cj*q^c:*yjc:* | When the Oriental possesses nothing but one piece of cotton cloth he is often happy. Besides this there is no other. Unless all the work is done you will get no pay. Unless travellers are not robbed , i.e. If travellers are robbed, you will all be punished. Resort, may also be had to the phrase ( or CTjOj'^r* j "" GX-te (or 6 X-ti*). .Na, with a negative, If..not, or even the <3j* Na alone, as above, without the Thus :_ Colloquially :— g-prqq-jpr^rsi*^ | ^•g-srgar^ | Unless ye repent , or If ye repent not (Literary. I Luke xiii. 3,5). Unless you repent. Unless the dog is at the entrance door. Unless the petition is presented. dl5I*^l*oj*ecri^r^q^cT]^ | Unless the agreement (bond) has been signed. The following are Literary expressions used in the New Testa¬ ment : — x 5 ^' etc. Except the ajx>stles they all , etc. (Acts viii. 1). Besides all this , between us and you is (being) a great gulf (Luke xvi. 26). TIBETAN g^rw^cgor^ etc. These may be rendered Colloqu for ^WTS^’ etc. gpr^rprom j ( or ^5j-q-) C-^C* a J* Vf*! C’=q3^-cr<i3j- Hf 1 GRAMMAR. Y7 Whosoever shall put away his wife, except it he for fornication, i.e. fornication not having been committed . (Matt, v. 32 ). ially thus:— Except the apostles they all etc. Whosever shall put away his wife . except it he for formcation=If anybody divorces his wife, forni¬ cation not having been committed. Besides all this, between us and you is (being) a great gulf , etc. The expressions Apart from and Rather than , are rendered thus •_ g^*aj^5ar^*q*^^rpajcT|^-^- ^TfvcrJ^ i Or I have two rupees, but apart from that I wiU give you nothing. I would rather give you food than money. Would give . The Terminative or Transitive Case. This case denotes the relatione of a noun or pronoun with reference to its Direction in Time or Space , either toivards or from something men* tioned in the sentence, and it may imply the idea of motion as well as that of rest. Under it come, as already stated, many expressions signi¬ fying direction from, which in other books are assigned to the Ablative Case. Tiie signs of the case as thus defined are :— 78 TIBETAN GRAMMAB. ^ Du : after final CT^ 8^ ^Tj 01' Ttr: after final C T, ^T, =r *T Ra Ru after final vowels. Direction Towards. 54* Su : after final 5T Gl* IjA : commonly used in the Colloquial after anything, and possessing the significations of all the above signs. Dang T NX Direction From, <W LX J Example*:— 1.—Direction Towards. 6ar-6u : Up to, Until, As far as. As long as.,not. N0 Up till now, I Have not seen him. so Hitherto. or Until then, Up to that time. As long as it has not been obtained, i.e. Until it has been obtained. As long as he does not die, i.e. Until he dies. C^r^‘q|*^OTJ^cvVT How far is Lhasa from here ? ’sP O Dang ^yam-Du : Together with. Along with. In Com- N0 pany with. m pg*^C*04*^*^cT]^^C**8q93q^’q^*q’^’ He has been dwelling with wild beasts in the desert. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 79 KYI-f>tr : Amongst, Amidst, Into the midst of. ^^ar^*3qS:^*0^a|- T h e cat springe in amongst the twittering sparrows {little gray bird* ) W (jtAN-6tj : Towards. The crowd is going to- wards the palace. *FS Nano6u : Into. The dog wishes to jump into the water. *rr T‘ocS-tu : In the direction of ; Towards. Cv O- Cv <Tv PfST 9^-5*rjS!Fl < q i W The ea ^ 3oar toicorde the S un. (° r “f* or nSK-} ^Tjcr^ The boy hoe been sent to sea. He has come from up there hitherward. He has come from down there kithertoard. F He has come from over there, or yonder , hitherward. for more Colloquially g ) gC*0qt;* ^*^0^1* The ants are swarming near my feet. Ma-ed : Down to. c-gsrsr^g 1 ^-^- I am going down to the bazaar. Mar : Downwards, Down ; Yab, Upwards, Up. I shall travel up and down 80 TIBETAN GRAMMAR Su : To, Towards. (or flfj It is getting towards the time. He has gone to his own abode. Iff 05 * Ch'O-la, or No5-la : Towards , On, etc. ai-^-^-g£ipr<i-pqc-r : 2r^sj^-§tq?ri : >rgc , r^- on this side of the road there are houses , on that side meadows. (or §=^*Q1’) |jq*rqC* The army inarched towards Tibet . j!