English
)t}-la : To the time ; at the time of. ^•arqq-ST::* It came down to the time, i.e. The time arrived ^STorqq'iXic:* The time will come. ^ f$AR-tf ang-6u ? or q^-a|- Sar-la: Over, above. ^Q^*q^,*(aTQ^q^’^J’Q^^cq* The butterfly flits over my head. OT* NgOn-la : Ahead, In front. cv ca^’orjerj* Go on ahead (or in front) of me. 2.—Direction from. jP *F Dang : From . This is Literary. C*Hf3S^' The lake is far from the frontier. q^-ers o^'^c-goj-rr^ The husk was separated from the grain. 3^* NX : From. j 0 ^' %ijp q^^rp-gq-Sfpi'q-^- The snake has crawled from between the bushes. The cat creeps from under the table. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 81 §SI?r|qc^W^-fjci-CpEfo^rr,- The Cour , o/ "O Justice is close to (titerally from) a pretty garden. P ^ He has gone from up there thitherward P He has gone from down there thitherward. ^^*§3j-<5^-C^g^*ni*aiq-0-^- Henceforth I shall not speak to you. After tha ,' or thmee/orth j did not speak to him. 1 ou may walk from here to there , or to that . SI <3j£J Froyn the beginning it was not so. —(New Testament). Colloquially :— ( or or From the beginning it was not so. P*" SI ^^*3"' He originated from the Lotus. —(S. C. Das.) Meanwhile the you nger ones must recite their books by (literally from ) heart. — (Amundsen). 'W LX : Out of. Out of eight men only two S5 arrived. P^*P ^ J ^ <§ He drew his cap out of the water. 11 82 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. § 20. —Numerals. I. —The Cardinal Numbers, according to ( or J gw I>ang-kyi (or Tsi-kyi) I? am-p a NO, Arithmetical Enu ¬ meration . English Figure. Tibetan Figure. i Tibetan Name. P 1 Romanized Equivalent. ) 1 9 Chi’. 2 * Nyi. 3 > tsf Sum. 4 & § Zhyi. 5 Y S’ Nga. 6 5^ Du’. 7 V e, =tf t)iin. i. 8 L 'O Gy a’. 9 <5 Gu. 10 9° or q^srq* Ohu, or Chu t‘am 11 99 q^*cT]3q]’ pa. Chug-chi’, 12 9% chug-ftyi. 13 9> Chug-sum. 14 ?es> Chub-fchyi. 15 9Y qefg' Chb-hga. 16 9*S Chu-du’. * 17 W q§*q^* Chub-diin. s? 1 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. S3 English Figure. Tibetan Figure. Tibetan Name. Romanized Equivalent. 18 19 20 21 22 30 31 40 41j 50 51 60 61 ?L Chob-gyii'. Chu-gu. or 5-^-qsj-cr Nvi-shu. or Xvi- shu t‘am-pa. ff'5'S'' q ls c T J or J or ( Nvi-shu tsag-chi’. ■j Nyer-chi’. 1 LTsag-chi ’. 1%' C W T \ 15'5’aT°l^, or < ^ ! Nvi-shu tsag-nvl. i r^* j Tsag-ftyi. 2° §51*^*, or Sum-chu, or Sum- chu t‘am-pa. 2? J or | ir^qf C Sum-chu sog-chi’. / Sog-chi*. eS'O 21iy ib-chu , or Zhib-chu t‘ am- pa. {^•i'^’ E T3^r, ° r i Zhib-chu ihye-chi. | Zhy e-chi’. ys or £rq'qsr*r Sgab-ehu, or lS T gab-chu t‘ am- pa. y? ! j or | c*q]5q]' f Ngab-chu nga-chi’. / Nga-chi’. BP B>? 5 c T§', or 5*T’S8rsr j ° r ■ Dug-chu, or Dug- chu t'am-pa. 1 i I)ug-chu re-chi’. # Re-chi’. 84 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. English Figure. Tibetan Figure. Tibetan Name. 1 Romanized Equivalent. 70 V* I Biin-chu, or £>iin- ■o ^ chu t‘am-pa. 71 V7 j ° r r £)on-chu don-chi’. / Don-chi’. 80 V L° or =jg^-§'^-ci- Gya’-chu, or Gya’- chu t'am-pa. 81 L9 ( or \ r Gya’-chu gya-chi’. 1 srw / Gya-chi’. 90 Gub-chu, or Gub- chu t'am-pa, 91 09 or f Gub-chu go-chi’. 1TW ) Go-chi’. 100 yoo q 3* or *3 -s w*r Gya, or Gya-t‘am- Da. 101 9°9 qg-^% Gya Gdang chi’. 200 ^go 9*^3*, or 9^I*qj- Nyib-gya, or Nyib- gya. 300 50 a ■ Su m-gya. 400 q H' q S' 2hyib-gya, 500 V^co ?' q S' J S’gab-gya. 1000 yooo or Tong, or Tong-t‘a’- 5500 V v*'°5 i Tong-t‘a’ ftgadang ngab-gya. 10,000 pO 030 9 0 - , or vm r T‘i, or T‘i-t‘a’. 100,000 poo oco ^gsr, ^'sh' Bum, or Bum-t f a\ 1,000,000 Q 030 330 J 9 Sa-ya. 10,000,000 S)G 0 20 COO 5 5 §’*T J f e-wa. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. S5 English. Tibetan. Romanized equivalent 100 millions ■ Dung-cli‘ur. 1000 millions T‘er-bum. 10,000 millions r er-bum ch*ern-po r 100,000 millions. | i T'ag-fi’. A billion T 1 ag-t‘i ch‘em-po. 10 billions Rab-tam. ■ 100 billions Rab’tam ch^ern-po 1000 billions Ta m. 10,000 billions Tam-clr em-po. 100,000 billions Ti\ 1,000,000 billions j Tl ch‘em-po. NB ~ To the above succeed progressive numbers increasing by multiples of ten up to sixty enumerations, counting 100 millions as the ninth. These sixty enumerations are used for astronomical and astro¬ logical purposes. Sanskrit equivalents exist only up to the fifty-first enumeration. See Rai Sarat Chandra Das Bahadur’s Dictionary, article ■3r Graggs {pang). li. —The Cardinal Numbers , according to f Tj’|Zjq v **3q*En[^j* Ka-k‘ai XAii-pANG, AlpkabeticaZ Enumeration The following system of Numerical Notation is employed by Tibetans in their Registers, Indices, and the like. It only goes up to 300, and consists of an adaptation of the [t may be regarded as the equivalent of our own method of Notation by means of the Roman letters. 86 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. I to 30 T, Cv F. CV F, Cv and SO on to CV 31 1J 60 T, F, F, 99 99 99 99 in* 61 * 1 90 T. F. 3’. 99 99 99 in* VJ 91 J > 120 F. F, 39 99 99 UN* 121 > > 1 50 F, F. F, 99 99 99 IN* 151 5 1 ISO T, F. F> yy 99 99 39 IN* o. 181 * 5 210 T, F, F, 9* 99 99 39 IN* a. 21 1 * > 240 m- O, 9 VO F, q % q Vo 99 99 99 99 IN* q 241 J > 270 F> f. F, 99 33 93 IN* rx 271 1 J J 300 T. I 5 '. F, 39 99 99 33 <N* NOTES. ].—Pronunciation. The Colloquial custom of pronouncing the prefix of a second syllable with, and as though it were part of, the preceding syllable, is really in- Cv correct, and is not followed in Literary Tibetan. Thus, Eleven, pronounced Chug-chi’ in Colloquial, is pronouncedC hu-chi’ in cv Literary Tibetan. So Fourteen , pronounced Chub~£hyi in Colloquial, is pronounced Chu-2hyi in Literary Tibetan. 2.—Affixes. £jN*£T T‘am-pa, signifies full, or complete, and is almost exclusively used with the full tens, up to and inclusive of a hundred ; meaning there¬ by a collective body, or whole lot, of any of those numbers. It is, how¬ ever, similarly, but much less frequently, applied to numbers below ten. After -a .hundred and with thousands 5FT T‘a’ is used. Also after expressions denoting periods of time, such as Dun-t'a’, a week: T)A-t‘ a ’ , a month. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 87 With numbers above thousands <£' Ts’o ; is used. As regards all these affixes, however, their use or non-use is quite optional. M 3- — Co n j unctio ns . Note that where units are connected with some multiple of ten, the conjunction used is different for each series. I n the 20 series it is Tsa- in the 30 series, So; in the 40 series. ^ Zhye ; in the 50 senes, C* Nga ; in the 60 series, ** Re ; in the 70 series, Hon ; in the 80 series, ^ Gy a ; in the 90 series, erf Go. With the hundreds it is ^ ])an G . It would not, however, be wrong to use Dang in all cases. In Literary Tibetan both Dang, and one of^the other conjunctions (usually) Tsa, are used together. Thus ^ Tong £ang tsa sum, 1003. This is not done in the Colloquial. In the Colloquial the short forms Tsa^-chi’, 21 ; g"£T|^r TSAd^YI, 22; iSod-CHl’, 31; SoB-fcHYI, 34; and the I ike, are very often heard instead of the longer forms, Nyi-shtj-ts Ad-cnT 21 etc. "" When dates are being stated or enumerated, the g" Tsa, or Dang in the 20 series is dropped, and the form with Nyer is used, e.g. Nykr-0ye'-pa , the 28/A. 4.—The Indefinite Article, see ^ 28. 5.—Approximate Numbers. Expressions like two or three, nine or ten, are rendered bv putting the numbers in immediate juxtaposition. Ex. N yi-sum two-three ; Cufi-CHU, rune-ten. If the speaker likes, he may 88 TIBETAN GRAMMAR. add Chi’, a or an, to any of these expressions. Thus, I^yisum chi’, Two or three. Another method is to employ the adverb ’3&1 TSAM, About , Just about, .ds many as. Kx. Sod chi’ tsam, About 31, or As many as 31 : or the adverbs Ha-lam, H|’<55<3j’ Ga-ch'en, 3^* Tsar, or Dam-la, signifying nearly, almost. In these cases the adverb follows the numeral it qualifies. 6.—Ordinal Nuhbers. The first is rendered ^C*CT Dang-fo, and The very first ET^C’^T Je-I)ang-fo. With these exceptions the ordinals are merely the cardi- nals plus the particle CJ" pa. Ex. Nyi-pa, The second. ; Wgrer Cho-^Jga-pa, The fifteenth ,* ^Nyer^sum-pa , or Nye-shu sum-pa. The twenty-third . 7.—Distributive Numbers. When simple numerals are repeated in juxtaposition, e.g. Sum-sum, Three-three , the meaning may be either three each } or three at once , or three at a time, or in threes, according to the way the sentence is framed. Eor instance, phrases like Three at a time, or In threes, or One at a time , are rendered by help of the expression J‘X-nX, or ChX nX , literally Having done or Having made. Thus: — P ^1”’ | They set out in threes , or three at a time. f They arrived one by one , or one ^ at a time. Expressions like Three each , Two each. One each , are rendered by Rr-re and a repeated numeral, but. without the q$T<3j?4' J*X-nX. TIBETAN GRAMMAR. 8U Thus :— Each man (jot three ru/Me* (Jive each coolie one rupee.