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From his father, Vikarttana (the sun), Karwa was called Yaikart- tana ; from his foster-parents, Vasu-sena ; from his foster-father's profession, Adhirathi and Suta ; and from his foster-mother, Radheya. He was also called Anga-raja, ' king of Anga ; ' Cham- padhipa, 'king of Champa;' and Kanina, 'the bastard.' KARiVA-PRAVARAAA^S. Men whose ears served them for coverings. They are mentioned in the Maha-bharata, Rama- yawa, and other works. KARA^ArA, KARA^AJAKA. The country where the Canarese language is spoken, in the central districts of the Peninsula, including Mysore. The name " Carnatic" is derived from this. KARTA-VlRYA. Son of Knta-virya, king of the Haihayas. This is his patronymic, by which he is best known ; his real name was Arjuna. " Having worshipped a portion of the divine being called Dattatreya, sprung from the race of Atri, he sought and obtained these boons, viz., a thousand arms and a golden chariot that went wheresoever he willed it to go ; the power of restraining wrong by justice ; the conquest of the earth and the disposition to rule it righteously ; invincibility by enemies, and death at the hands of a man renowned over the whole world. By him this earth was perfectly governed," and of him it is said : — " No other king shall ever equal Karta-vlrya in regard 152 KARTi^IKEYA. to sacrifices, liberality, austerities, courtesy, and self-restraint." "Thus he ruled for 85,000 years with unbroken health, prosperity, strength, and valour, " — V. P. He visited the hermitage of Jamad- agni, and was received by that sage's wife with all respect ; but he made an ill return for her hospitality, and carried off by violence " the calf of the milch-cow of the sacred oblation." For this outrage Parasu-rama cut olBf his thousand arms and killed him. In another place a different character is given to him, and more in accordance with his behaviour at Jamad-agni's hut. "He oppressed both men and gods," so that the latter appealed to Yish?m for succour. That god then came down to the earth as Para5u-rama for the especial purpose of killing him. Karta- virya was the contemporary of Eavawa, and when that demon monarch came " in the course of his campaign of conquest to Mahishmati (the capital of Karta-virya), he was captured with- out difficulty, and Avas confined like a wild beast in a corner of his city." The statement of the Yayu Pura?ia is that Karta- virya invaded Lanka, and there took Eavarza prisoner. KAETTIKEYA. The god of war and the planet Mars, also called Skanda. He is said in the Maha-bharata and Eamayawa to be the son of ^Siva or Eudra, and to have been produced without the intervention of a woman. iSiva cast his seed into fire, and it was afterwards received by the Ganges : Kartti- keya was the result ; hence he is called Agni-bhii and Ganga-ja. He was fostered by the Pleiades (K7'ittika), and hence he has six heads and the name Karttikeya. His paternity is some- times assigned to Agni (fire) ; Ganga (the Ganges) and Parvati are variously represented to be his mother. He was born for the purpose of destroying Taraka, a Daitya whose austerities had made him formidable to the gods. He is represented riding on a peacock called Paravawi, holding a bow in one hand and an arrow in the other. His wife is Kaumarl or Sena, He has many titles : as a warrior he is called Maha-sena, Sena-pati ; Siddha-sena, ' leader of the Siddhas ; ' and Yudha-ranga ; also Kumara, the boy ; Guha, ' the mysterious one ; ' /S^akti-dhara, ' spear-holder ; ' and in the south he is called Su-brahmawya. He is Gangii-putra, ' son of the Ganges ; ' ASara-bhfi, ' born in the thicket;' Taraka-jit, 'vanquisher of Taraka;' Dwada.sa-kara and Dwadasaksha, ' twelve-handed ' ami ' twelve-eyed ; ' iiiju- kaya, 'straight-bodied.' *S'c'6' Krauncha. KARUSHAS—KATHAKA. 153 KARUSHAS. A people of Malwa, inhabiting the back of the Yindhya mountains. They are said to be descended from Karusha, one of the sons of the Manu Vaivaswata. KA/S'I Benares. KAaSI KHAiVDA. A long poem, forming a part of the Skanda Purawa. It gives a very minute description of the temples of /Siva in and around Benares, and is presumably an- terior to the Mahomedan conquest. 8e& Skanda PuraT^a. KA/SYAPA. A Vedic sage to whom some hymns are attri- buted. All authorities agree in assigning to him a large part in the work of creation. According to the Maha-bharata, the RamayaTza, and the Purawas, he was the son of Marichi, the son of Brahma, and he was father of Yivaswat, the father of Manu, the progenitor of mankind. The iSatapatha Brahma?za gives a dijfferent and not very intelligible account of his origin thus : — " Having assumed the form of a tortoise, Prajapati created ofFs]oring. That which he created he made (akarot) ; hence the word Jcurma (tortoise). Kasyapa means tortoise ; hence men say, ' All creatures are descendants of Kasyapa.' This tortoise is the same as Aditya." The Atharva-veda says, " The self -born Kasyapa sprang from Time," and Time is often identical with Yishwu. The Maha-bharata and later authorities agree in representing that Kasyapa married Aditi and twelve other daughters of Daksha. Uj)on Aditi he begat the Adityas, headed by Indra, and also Yivaswat, and " to Yivaswat was born the wise and mighty Manu." The Eamaya?2a and Yislmu Pura?ia also state that "Yishmi was born as a dwarf, the son of Aditi and Kasyapa." By his other twelve wives he had a numerous and very diversified offspring: demons, nagas, reptiles, birds, and all kinds of living things. He was thus the father of all, and as such is sometimes called Prajapati. He is one of the seven great Bishis, and he appears as the priest of Parasu-rama and Rama-chandra. KA-TANTRA. A Sanskrit grammar by Sarva-varman. Edited by Eggeling for the JBibliotheca Indica. KATA-PRIJ. ' Worm.' A class of beings similar to or iden- tical with the Yidya-dliaras. KATHA. Kame of a Upanishad (q.v.). It has been translated by Dr. Roer in the Bihliotheca Indica. KA^'HAKA. A school or recension of the Yajur-veda, 154 KATHARNAVA—KAUSALYA. occupying a position between the Black and the ^\niite. It is supposed to he lost, KATHAitiVAVA. * Sea of stories.' A compilation of mis- cellaneous stories in four hooks ; the first two are the originals of the Hindi Baital Pachisi and Singhasan Battisi. KATHA-SAEIT-SAGAEA. 'The ocean of the rivers of stories.' A collection of popular stories by Soma-deva-bha^^a of Kashmir, made about the beginning of the twelfth century a.d. It is drawn from a larger work called Brihat-katha. Thet ext has been printed and in part translated by Brockhaus. KATYAYAXA. An ancient writer of great celebrity, who came after Pacini, whose grammar he completed and corrected in what he called Yarttikas, ' supplementary rules and annota- tions.' He is generally identified with Yararuchi, the author of the Prak?7'ta Prakasa. Max Miiller places him in the second half of the fourth century B.C. ; Goldstiicker in the first half of the second century B.C. ; AYeber about twenty-five years B.C. Besides his additions to Pacini's Grammar, he was the author of the )S'rauta-sutras which bear his name, and of the Yajur-veda Pratisakhya. His Siitras have been edited by Weber. A story in the Katha-sarit-sagara makes him the incarnation of a demigod named Pushpa-danta. A Katyayana was author also of a Dharma-sastra. KATYAYAXL A name of Durga. See DevL KAUMARA. The creation of the Kumaras (q.v.). KAUMODAKL The mace of Xrish?za, presented to him by Agni when engaged with him in fighting against Indra and burning the KhaTZ^ava forest. KAUNDIiVYA An ancient sage and grammarian. He offended /S^iva, but was saved from that god's wrath by Yish?zu : he was hence called Yishwu-gupta, ' saved by Yish?zu.' KAUNTEYA. Son of Kuntl. A metronymic applicable to Yudlii-sh^hira, Bhima, and Arjuna, but commonly applied to Arjuna. KAURAYAS. Descendants of Kuru. A patronymic espe- cially applied to the sons of Dhrita-rash/ra. See Maha-bharata. KAUSALYA (mas.), KAUSALYA (fem.). Belonging to the Kosala nation. There are several women known by this name. The wife of Puru and mother of Janamejaya. The wife of Dasa-ratha and mother of Rama. {See Dasa-ratha.) The KA USAMBI—KA VA SB A. 1 5 5 mother of Dhrita-rasli^ra and the mother of Vmclu both were known by this name, being daughters of a king of Kasl. KAU/SAMBI. The cajDital of Vatsa, near the junction of the Ganges and Jumna.