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Author of a work known by his name on "The Elements of Polity." The text has been printed in the Bihliotheca Indica by Eajendra Lala Mittra. KAMAEUPA. The north-eastern part of Bengal and the western portion of Assam. The name still survives as Kam- riip. KAMBOJAS. A race or tribe always associated with the tribes living to the north-west, and famous for their horses. They were among the races conquered by King Sagara, KAMPILYA. The city of King Drupada in the country of the PanchalaSj where the swayam-vara of Draupadi was held 148 KAMYAKA—KANISHKA. It corresponds with the Kampila of modern times, situated in the Doab on the old Ganges, between Badaiin and Farrukh- ahad. KAMYAKA. The forest in which the Pa?it?avas passed their exile on the banks of the Saras wati. KAA^AJDA. The sage who founded the Vaiseshika school of philosophy. See Dar^ana. KANCHI. One of the seven sacred cities, liodie Conjeveram. KAXDAEPA. The Hindu Cupid. See Kama. KAiV7)ARSHI. A i^i'shi who teaches one particular Kawc?a or part of the Yedas. KAiVDU. A sage who was beguiled from long and severe austerities by Pramlocha, a nymph sent from heaven by Indra for this purpose. He lived with her some hundreds of years, which seemed to him only as a day, but he at length repudiated her and " went to the region of Vish?m." Pramlocha gave birth, in an extraordinary manner, to his daughter Marisha (q.v.). KANISHKA. " Hushka, Jushka, Kanishka." These are the names recorded in the Raja Tarangiwi of three great Turushka, that is Turk or Tatar, kings, who were of the Buddhist religion. It may, perhaps, be taken for granted that Hushka and Jushka come in their natural succession, for the names might be trans- posed without detriment to the metre ; but the short syllable of the name Kanishka is required where it stands by the rules of prosody, so that the position of the name in the verse is not decisive of his place in the succession of kings. Nothing is known of Jushka beyond the simple recital of his name as above quoted, but the names of Kanishka and Hushka (or Huvishka) have been found in inscriptions and upon coins, showing that their dominions were of considerable extent in Northern India, and that they were, as the Rrija Tarangi/il re- presents, great supporters of the Buddhist religion. The name of Kanishka has been found in inscriptions at Matlmra, Manik- yala, Bhawalpur, and Zeda, while his name appears on the corrupt Greek coins as Kanerki. Iluvishka's name has been found at Mathura, and on a metal vase from Wardak in Afghanistan ; on the coins his name is represented as Oerki. Kanishka preceded Huvishka, and it is certain that their reigns covered a period of fifty-one years, and probably more. The time at which they reigned seems to have been just before the Chris- K ANSA— K ANY A-KUMARI. 149 tian era. A Eoman coin of tlie date 2,Z ^•^' ^^^ found in the tQpe of Manikyala, wliicli was built by Kanishka. KAN^S'A. A tyrannical king of Mathura, son of Ugra-sena and cousin of Devaki the mother of K?'ish?ia ; so he was the cousin, not the uncle, of K7*ish?ia, as he is often called. He married two daughters of Jara-sandha, king of Magadha. He deposed his father. It was foretold that a son born of Devaki should kill him, so he endeavoured to destroy all her children. But Bala-rama, her seventh son, was smuggled away to Gokula, and was brought up by Rohi??-!. When Krishwa the eighth was born his parents fled with him. The tyrant then gave orders for a general massacre of all vigorous male infants. Ivansa became the great persecutor of K?ish?2a, but was eventually killed by him. Kansa is also called Kalankura, 'crane.' He is looked upon as an Asura, and is in some way identified with the Asura Kala-nemi. KANaS'A-BADHA. a drama in seven acts upon the de- struction of Kansa by K^'ishwa. The author is called Krishwa Kavi, and the play was probably written about two centuries ago. It is weak as a drama, but " the language is in general good, although highly elaborate." — Wilson. KATVWA. Bee iS'atapatha Brahmayia. KAiVWA. I^ame of a i?ishi to whom some hymns of the i?*g-veda are ascribed ; he is sometimes counted as one of the seven great i^ishis. The sage who brought up /S'akuntala as his daughter. There are several others of the same name. KAiV^WAS. The descendants or followers of KaTiwa. KANYA-KUBJA. The modern form of the name is Kanauj or Kinnauj, spelt in a variety of ways. i. An ancient city of Hindustan on the Kali-nadi, an affluent of the Ganges, and lying a little to the west of the latter. It was once the capital of a powerful dynasty. It was known to classical geographers as "Canogyza." The name means "humpbacked damsel," and refers to a legend relating to the hundred daughters of King Kusa-nabha, who were all made crooked by Vayu for refusing to comply with his licentious desires. 2. A great national divi- sion of the Brahman caste. Bee Brahman. KANYA-KUMARI. 'The virgin-damsel.' A name of Durga. Her worship extended to the southernmost extremity of India in the days of Pliny, and 'Kumarl' still appears in the name Cape Comorin. I50 KAPARDIN—KARNA, KAPAKDIX. ' Wearing the kaparda,' a peculiar braid or knot of hair. This epithet is applied to /Siva, to one of the Rudras, and some others. KAPI-DHWAJA. An epithet of Arjiina, because he bore an ape Qcain) on his standard (dhicaja). KAPILA. A celebrated sage, the founder of the Sankhya philosophy. The Hari-vansa makes him the son of Vitatha. He is sometimes identified with Yishmi and sometimes with Agni. He is said to have destroyed the hundred thousand sons of King Sagara with a glance. See Sagara. KAPILA, KAPILA-VASTU. A town on the river Rohim, an affluent of the Rapti, which was the capital of /S'uddhodana, the father of Gotama Buddha. KAPILA PURAiVA. See PurSwa. KAPIaSA. Mother of the Pi^achas, who bear the metro- nymic Kapiseya. KARALl ' Dreadful, terrible.' In Vedic times one of the seven tongues of Agni (fire), but in later days a name of the terrible consort of /Siva. See Devi. KARDAIMA. According to the Maha-bharata and Ra,maya?ia, he is one of the Prajapatis who sprang from Brahma. Accord- ing to other authorities, he, or another sage of the same name, was a son of Daksha or a son of Pulaha, KARMA-MIMANSA. The Piirva-mimansa. See Darsana. KARMA - MIMANSA - SUTRA. A work on the Vedanta philosophy, ascribed to Jaimini. KARiV^A. Son of Pritha or Kunti by Siirya, the sun, before her marriage to Pa?ic?u. Karwa was thus half-brother of the Paw^Zavas, but this relationship was not known to them till after his death. KuntI, on one occasion, paid such attention to the sage Dur-vasas, that he gave her a charm by virtue of which she might have a child by any god she preferred to invoke. She chose the sun, and the result was Kar?ia, who was born equipped with arms and armour. Afraid of censure and disgrace, Kunti exposed the child on the banks of the Yamuna, where it was found by Nandana or Adhiratha, the suta or charioteer of Dhrita-rashi^a. The charioteer and his wife, Radhii, brought him up as their own, and the child passed as such. When he grew up, Indra disguised himself as a Brah- man, and cajoled him out of his divine cuirass. He gave him KARNA—KARTA-VIR YA. 151 in return great strength and a javelin charged with certain death to whomsoever it was hurled against. Karwa became king of Anga or Bengal. Some authorities represent his foster-father as having been ruler of that country, but others say that Kar?ia was made king of Anga by Dur-yodhana, in order to qualify him to figlit in the passage of arms at the swayam-vara of Draupadi. This princess haughtily rejected him, saying, " I wed not with the base-born." Kar/ia knew that he was half-brother of the Pa?^- 6?avas, but he took the side of their cousins, the Kauravas, and he had especial rivalry and animosity against Arjuna, whom he vowed to kill. In the great battle he killed Ghatotkacha, the son of Bhima, with Indra's javelin. Afterwards there was a terrific combat between him and Arjuna, in which the latter was nearly overpowered, but he killed Kar7^a with a crescent-shaped arrow. After Kar?ia's death his relationship to the Pa?z6?avas became known to them, and they showed their regret for his loss by great kindness to his widows, children, and dependants.