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An inscription found at Karra on the Ganges mentions that place as being situated in Kau6ambi-maw/ala, the circle of Kausambi; but General Cunningham identifies the place with the village of Kosam, said to be still called Kosambi- iiagar on the Jumna, about thirty miles above Allahabad. It is the scene of the drama Ratnavali. KAUSHlTAKl. i. A sakha of the i^ig-veda. 2. (Kaushl- taki) the name of a Brahmawa, an Ara?2-yaka, and a Upanishad. {See those terms.) The Brahmawa has been published with a translation by Professor Cowell in the Bibliotheca IncUca. KAU>S'IKA. A devotee mentioned in the Maha-bharata as having gone to a hell of torment for having pointed out to robbers a road by which they pursued and killed some persons who fled from them. KAUaS'IKAS. Descendants of Kusika (q.v.). • In one of the hymns of the Big the epithet is given to Indra. KAU>S'IKI. The river Kosi in Bihar, but there were more rivers than one bearing this name. Satyavati, mother of Jamad- agni is said to have been changed into a river of this name. KAUSTUBHA. A celebrated jewel obtained at the churn- ing of the ocean, and worn by YishTiu or 'Krishna, on his bosom. KAUTILYA. Another name of Chawakya, the minister of Chandra-gupta. See Cha?iakya. KAUTSA. A rationalistic philosopher, who lived before the days of Yaska the author of the Nirukta. He regarded " the Veda as devoid of meaning, and the Brahmawas as false inter- pretations." Yaska replied to his objections. KAUTUKA-SARVASWA. A modern farce, in two acts, by a 'PsLudit named Gopi-natha. "It is a satire uj)on princes who addict themselves to idleness and sensuahty, and fail to patronise the Brahmans." — Wilson. KAYASHA, KAYASHA-AILtJSHA. Son of Iliisha by a slave girl. He was author of several hymns in the tenth book of the i^ig-veda. The Aitareya Brahmawa relates that the ^ishis were performing a sacrifice on the banks of the Saraswati, and that Kavasha was with them ; but they drove him from among them because he was the son of a slave, and therefore unworthy 156 KAVI-RAJA—KESI-DHWAJA. to drink the water of the Saraswati. When he was alone in the desert, a prayer was revealed to him hy which he prevailed over the Saraswati, and its waters came and surrounded him. The 7?/shis saw this, and knowing that it was by the special favour of the gods, they admitted him to their society. KAYI-EAJA. Author of a poem of studied ambiguity called Eaghava-Pa7zc?aviyam (q.v.). KAYYA-DAR>S'A 'Mirror of poetry.' A work on the Ars Poetica by >S'ri Dawc^L It has been j^rinted in the Biblio- theca Indka. KAVYA-PRAKAaS'A. a work on poetry and rhetoric by Mamma /a Bha/^a of Kashmir. It has been printed at Calcutta. KAY YAS, KAYYAS. A class of Pitns ; according to some they are the Manes of men of the third caste. KAYAYYA. The son of a Kshatriya by a Xishada female, who is related in the Maha-bharata to have risen by virtue, knowledge, and devotion from the state of a Das}ai to perfection. KEDARE>S'A, KEDAEA-XATHA. A name of >S'iva. :N"ame of one of the twelve great Lingas. It is a shapeless mass of stone at Kedara-natha in the Himalayas. See Linga. KEKAYA. See Kaikeya. KELI-KILA A demigod attendant upon /S'iva. KEXA, KEXOPANISHAD. Xame of a Upanishad (q.v.) translated by Dr. Eoer for the Bihllotheca Indka. KEEAKAS. One-footed men who live in forests, according to the Maha-bharata. KEEALA. The country of Malabar proper on the western coast. KE5AYA. ' Having much or fine hair.' A name of Yishwu or Krish?2a. KEaSI, KEaS'IN'. In the Maha-bharata, a demon who fought Avith and was defeated by Indra. In the Pura?ias, a Daitya who took the form of a horse and attacked Krishna, but was killed by that hero's thrusting his arm into his jaws and rending him asunder. KE/STNl. Wife of Yi.sravas and mother of Eavawa ; also called Kaikasi. KE>SI-DH WA JA. Son of Krita-dhwaja. Kesi-dhwaja " was endowed with spiritual knowledge," and he had a cousin, Khaw- r?ikya, who "was diligent in the way of works and was renowned for religious rites." There was contention and hostilities 'je- KETU—KHATWANGA. 157 tween tliem, and Kha?i(iikya was driven from his dominions. But they subsequently became useful to each other and friendly. Kha?i6?ikya by his practical religion enabled Kesi-dhwaja to make atonement for the killing of a cow, and Kesi-dhwaja initiated Khawc^ikya in the mysteries of spiritual meditation i^joga). KETU. The descending node in astronomy, represented by a dragon's tail ; also a comet or meteor, and the ninth of the planets. He is said to be a Danava, and son of Viprachitti and Sinhika. He is also called A-kacha, ' hairless ;' Aslesha-bhava, 'cutoff;' Mu?2C?a, 'bald.' /S'e^ Rahu. KHAiVDAYA, KHAA^Z^AYA-PRASTHA. A forest and country on the banks of the Yamuna, which the Pa?ic?avas received as their moiety when Dhr/ta-rash/ra divided his king- dom. In it they built the city of Indra-prastha and made it their capital. The forest was consumed with fire by the god Agni assisted by K?ish?za and Arjuna. KHAYi)IKYA. &ee Kesi-dhwaja. KHARA. A man-eating Rakshasa, the younger brother of Ravawa. He was killed by Rama-chandra. KHARYA. A dwarf. Bee Yalakhilya. KHASA. A daughter of Daksha, wife of Kasyapa, and mother of the Yakshas and Rakshasas, called after her Khasat- majas. KHA^AS, KHASAKAS, KHASlKAS. An outlying or border people classed with the fS'akas and other northern tribes. Professor Wilson thought that traces of them might be sought among the barbarous tribes on the north-east of Bengal, the Khasiyas. KHAr WANGA (also called Dilipa). i. A prince of the Solar race. In a battle between the gods and the demons he rendered great assistance to the former, who desired him to ask a boon. He begged that he might know the duration of his life, and the answer was, " Only an hour." He hastened to the world of mortals, and by earnest prayer he became united with the sup- reme being, Yish?iu. " Like unto Kha^wanga will there be no one upon earth, who, having come from heaven and dwelt an hour amongst men, became united with the three worlds by his liberality and knowledge of truth." — V. P. 2. A club; the club of /Siva ; it is also called Khinkhira and Pansula. 158 K'iCHAKA—KIRITIN. KlCHAKA. Brother-in-law of the king of Yira/a, who was commander of the forces and general director of the affairs of the kingdom. He made love to Draupadi, and was slain by Bhima, who rolled his bones and flesh into a ball, so that no one could tell how he was killed. KIKATA. A country inhabited by people who were not Aryans ; it is identified with Magadha or South Bihar. KILATAKULI (Kilata + Akuli.) Two priests of the Asuras, who, according to the ^Satapatha BrahmaTza, exercised a special influence between Manu and aii " Asura-slaying voice," KIM-PUEUSHA. ' A^Hiat man V An indescribable man ; one of a low type, partaking of the nature and appearance of animals. In later times it is synonjinous with Kin-nara. IS'ame of a region between Himavat and Hema-ku/a. (iS'ee Jambu-d^vlpa.) Also of a king of the latter region. KIN-K'AKAS. 'A^Hiat men?' Mythical beings with the form of a man and the head of a horse. They are celestial choristers and musicians, dwelling in the paradise of Kuvera on Kailasa. They sprang from the toe of Brahma with the Yakshas, but according to others, they are sons of Kasyapa. They are also called Aswa-mukhas Turanga-vaktras, ' horse-faced,' and Mayus. KIRATAKJU^IYA. A poem descriptive of the combat between iS'iva in the guise of a Kirata or mountaineer and the Paw?u prince Arjuna. The story is first told in the Maha- bharata, and has been worked up in this artificial poem of eighteen cantos by Bharavi. Part of it has been translated into German by Schiitz. There are several editions of the text. See Arjuna. KIRATAS. Foresters and mountaineers living in the moun- tains east of Hindustan. (There is a tribe in the Central Hima- layas called Kirantis.) They are described in the Ramaya?ia as " islanders, who eat raw fish, live in the waters, and are men- tigers " (men below and tigers above, according to the commenta- tor). Their females are described as " gold-coloured and plea- sant to behold," and as having " sharjD-pointed hair-knots." They are perhaps the Cirrhadoe placed on the Coromandel coast by classic writers. KIRITIISr. ' Crowned with a diadem.' A title of Indra and also of Arjuna. KIRMIRA—KRA UNCHA. 1 59 KIKMIRA. A monster Rakshasa, brother of Yaka. He opposed the entrance of the Pawc?