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The Purawas absurdly make it one of the sons of Bah. KALIYA. A serpent king who had five heads, and dwelt in a deep pool of the Yamuna, with numerous attendant serpents. His mouths vomited fire and smoke, and he laid waste all the country round. K?7'sh?2a, while yet a child, jumped into his pool, when he was quickly laced and entwined in the coils of the snakes. His companions and friends were horrified, but Bala-rama called upon him to exercise his divine power. He did so, and the serpents were soon overcome. Placing his foot on the middle head of Ivaliya, he compelled him and his followers to implore mercy. He spared them, but bade Kaliya and his followers to free the earth from their presence, and to remove to the ocean. The Asura Kala-nemi is said to have been animate in him. KALI YUGA. The fourth or present age of the world, which is to endure for 432,000 years. It commenced in 3102 b.c. See Yuga. KALKI, KALKIK 'The white horse.' Yish?zu's tenth incarnation, which is yet to come. Bee Avatara. KALMASHA-PADA. A king of the Solar race, son of Su-dasa (hence he is called Saudasa), and a descendant of Ikshwaku. His legend, as told in the Maha-bharata, relates that while hunting in the forest he encountered jS'aktri, the eldest son of Yasish^ha, and as this sage refused to get out of his way, he struck him with his whip. The incensed sage cursed him to become a cannibal. This curse was heard by Yiswamitra, the rival of Yasish/ha, and he so contrived that the body of the king became possessed by a man-eating Riikshasa. In this condition he caused human flesh to be served up to a Brahman named Mitrasaha, who discovered what it was, and intensified the curse of 6'aktri by a new imprecation. One of Kalmasha-pada's first victims was >S'aktri himself, and all the hundred sons of Yasish/ha fell a prey to his disordered appetite. After remaining twelve years in this state, he was restored to KALMASHA-PADA—KAMA. 145 liis natural condition by Vasish/ha. The Visliwii Pura?ia tells tlie story differently. The king went out to hunt and found two destructive tigers. He killed one of them, but as it expired it was changed into a Eiikshasa. The other tiger disappeared threatening vengeance. Kalmasha-pada celebrated a sacrifice at which Vasish^ha officiated. When it was over and Yasish/ha went out, the Eakshasa assumed his appearance, and proposed that food should be served. Then the Rakshasa transformed himself into a cook, and, preparing human flesh, he served it to Vasish/ha on his return. The indignant sage cursed the king that henceforth his appetite should be excited only by similar food. A wrangle ensued, and Vasish/ha having found out the truth, limited the duration of his curse to twelve years. The angry king took water in his hands to pronounce, in his turn, a curse upon Yasish/ha, but was dissuaded from his purpose by his wife, Madayanti. " Unwilling to cast the water on the ground, lest it should wither up the grain, and equally reluctant to throw it up into the air, lest it should blast the clouds and dry up their contents, he threw it upon his own feet," and they were so scalded by it that they became black and white, and so gained for him the name of Kalmasha-pada, 'spotted feet.' Every day for twelve years, at the sixth watch of the day, he gave way to his cannibal appetite, " and devoured multitudes of men." On one occasion he devoured a Brahman in the midst of his connubial happiness, and the Brahman's wife passed upon him a curse that he should die whenever he associated with his wife. At the expiration of Yasish/ha's curse, the king returned home, but, mindful of the Brahmarii's imprecation, he abstained from conjugal intercourse. By the interposition of Yasish/ha, his wife, Madayanti, became pregnant, and bore a child in her womb for seven years, when she performed the Csesarean opera- tion with a sharp stone, and a child came forth who was called Asmaka (from Asman, 'a stone'). KALPA. A day and night of Brahma, 4,320,000,000 years. 8ee Yuga. KALPA, KALPA StJTEAS. Ceremonial; one of the Yedangas. A ceremonial directory or rubric expressed in the form of Sutras, short technical rules. KAMA, KAMA-DEYA. The god of love. Eros, Cupid. In the itzg-veda (x. 129) desire is said to have been the first K 146 KAMA. movement that arose in the One after it had come into life through the power of fervour or abstractioiL " Desire first arose in It, which was the primal germ of mind ; (and which) sages, searching with their intellect, have discovered in their heart to be the bond which coimects entity with non-entity." " It is well known," observes Dr. Muir, " that Greek mythology con- nected Eros, the god of love, with the creation of the universe somewhat in the same way." " This Kama or desire, not of sexual enjoyment, but of good in general, is celebrated in a curi- ous hymn of the Atharva-veda," which exalts Kama into a supreme God and Creator : " Kama was born the first. Him neither gods, nor fathers, nor men have equalled. Thou art superior to these and for ever great." In another part of the same Yeda Kama appears to be first desire, then the power which gratifies the desire. Kama is also in the same Veda often identified with Agni, and when " distinguished from each other, Kama may be looked upon as a superior form of the other deity." According to the Taittiriya Brahmawa, he is the son of Dharma, the god of justice, by /S'raddha, the goddess of faith; but according to the Hari-vansa he is son of Lakshmi. Another account represents him as springing from the heart of Brahma. A fourth view is that he was born from water, wherefore he is called Irii-ja, 'the water-born ;' a fifth is that he is Atma-bhu, ' self-existent,' and therefore he is called, like other of the gods, A-ja, 'unborn,' or An-anya-ja, ' born of no other.' In the Pui'aas his wife is Rati or Reva, the goddess of desire He inspired ^iva with amorous thoughts of Parvati while he was engaged in penitential devotion, and for this ofi'ence the angry god reduced him to ashes by fire from his central eye. ^'iva afterwards relented and allowed Kama to be born again as Prad^Timna, son of Krishna and Rukmi?ii or Maya, 'delusion.' He has a son named Aniruddlia, and a daughter, T?'isha. He is lord of the Apsarases or heavenly nymphs. He is armed with a bow and arrows : the bow is of sugar-cane, the bowstring a line of bees, and each arrow is tipped with a distinct flower. He is usually represented as a handsome youth riding on a j^arrot and attended by nymphs, one of whom bears his bamier dis])laying tlie Makara, or a fish on a red ground. The mysterious origin of Kama and tlic universal operation of tlie passion he insijircs have accumulated upon him a great KAMA—KAMPILYA. 147 variety of names and epithets. Among his names are Ishma, Kanjana and Kinkira, Mada, Kama or Eama?za, and Smara. As produced in the mind or heart he is Bhava-ja and Mano-ja. As Pradyiinma, son of Krish?ia, he is Karshm, and as son of Lakshmi he is Mayi or Maya-siita and ^S'ri-nandana. As reduced to ashes by 6'iva he is An-anga, ' the bodiless.' He is Abhi-rupa, * the beautiful;' Darpaka and Dipaka, 'the inflamer ;' Gada- yitnu, Gr^i'dliu, and Gr/tsa, ' lustful or sharp ; ' Kamana and Kharu, ' desirous ;' Kandarpa, ' the inflamer of Brahma;' Kantu, 'the happy;' Ivalakeli, ' the gay or wanton ; ' Mara, 'destroyer;' Mayi, 'deluder;' Madliu-dipa, 'the lamp of honey or of spring;' Muliira, ' the bewilderer ; ' Murmura, ' the crackling fire;' Eaga- vrmta, ' the stalk of passion ;' Eupastra, ' the weapon of beauty;' Eata-naricha, ' the voluptuary ; ' /S'amantaka, 'destroyer of peace;' Sansara-guru, 'teacher of the world;' Smara, 'remembrance;' >S'?'mgara-yoni, 'source of love;' Titha, 'fire;' Yama, 'the handsome.' From his bow and arrows he is called Kusuma- yudha, 'armed with flowers;' Pushpa-dhanus, 'whose bow is flowers ;' and Pushpa-5ara, 'whose arrows are flowers.' Prom his banner he is known as Makara-ketu ; and from the flower he carries in his hand he is Pushpa-ketana. KAMA-DHENU. The cow which grants desires, belonging to the sage Yasish^ha. She was produced at the churning of the ocean. Among the examples of her supernatural powers was the creation of a host of warriors who aided Yasishflia against Karta-virya. She is called also Kama-duh, iS'avala, and Surabhi. KAMAKSHL A form of Devi worshipped at Kamarupa- tirtha in Assam. See Kahka Purawa. KAMANDAKI.