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On receiving it she was consoled, and presented the jewel to Yudhi-sh/hira as the head of the family. When her husbands retired from the world and went DRAVIDA—DRONA. 97 on their journey towards the Himalayas and Indra's heaven, she accompanied them, and was the first to fall on the journey. See Maha-bhiirata. Draupadi's real name was K?•^shwa. She was called Draupadi and Yajna-seni, from her father ; Parshati, from her grand- father Prishata ; Panchali, from her country ; Sairindhri, ' the maid-servant ' of the queen of Virata ; Panchanii, ' having five husbands ; ' and Nita-yauvani, ' the ever-young. ' DRAVIZ^A. The country in which the Tamil language is spoken, extending from Madras to Cape Comorin. According to Manu, the people of this country were originally Kshatriyas, but sank to the condition of ^ildras from the extinction of sacred rites and the absence of Brahmans. As applied to the classification of Brahmans it has a much wider application, em- bracing Gujarat, Maha-rash^a, and all the south. D^ISHADWATI. A common female name. i. The wife of King Divo-dasa. 2. A river forming one of the boundaries of Brah- mavarta, perhaps the Kagar before its junction with the Sarsuti. DROiVA. 'A bucket.' A Brahman so named from his having been generated by his father, Bharadwaja, in a bucket. He married Kripa, half-sister of Bhishma, and by her was father of Aswatthaman. He was acharya, or teacher of the military art, both to the Kaurava and Pa?^(iava princes, and so he was called Dro?zacharya. He had been slighted by Drupada, king of Panchala, and became his enemy. Through the in- strumentality of the Pa?if?avas he made Drupada prisoner, and took from him half of his kingdom ; but he spared his life and gave him back the other half of his country But the old animosity rankled, and ended in the death of both. In the great war Drojza sided with the Kauravas, and after the death of Bhishma he became their commander-in-chief. On the fourth day of his command he killed Drupada, and in his turn he was unfairly slain in combat by Dh?i'sh/a-dyumna, who had sworn to avenge his father's death. In the midst of this combat Dro7?a was told that his son was dead, which so unnerved him that he laid down his arms and his opponent decapitated him. But Dro?ia was a Brrdiman and an Acharya, and the crime of kiUing him was enormous, so it is glossed over by the statement that Dro?2a " transported himself to heaven in a glittering state like the sun, and Dh?ish/a-dyumna decapitated merely his lifo- 93 DRUHYU—DUHSASANA. less body." Dro7ia was also called Ku/a-ja. The common meaning of Ku/a is ' mountain-top,' but one of its many other meanings is 'water-jar.' His patron}Tnic is Bharad^Yaja. DEUHYU. Son of Yayati, by Sarmish^ha, daughter of the Daitya king Y?'/sha-parvan. He refused to exchange his youth for the curse of decrepitude passed upon his father, and in conse- quence Yayati cursed him that his posterity should not possess dominion. His father gave him a part of his kingdom, but his de- scendants became "princes of the lawless barbarians of the north." DKUPADA. King of Panchala and son of P?*/shata. Also called Yajna-sena. He was schoolfellow of Drowa, the preceptor of the Kaurava and Pa?iG?ava princes, and he mortally offended his former friend by repudiating his acquaintance. Dro?za, in pay- ment of his services as preceptor, required his pupils to make Drupada prisoner. The Kauravas attacked him and failed, but the Pa7?(/avas took Drupada captive and occupied his territory. Dro?2a spared his life and restored the southern half of his kingd.om to him. Drupada returned home burning for revenge, and, to procure it, he prevailed upon two Brahmans to jDerform a sacrifice, by the efficacy of which he obtained two children, a son and a daughter, who were called " the altar-born," be- cause they came forth from the sacrificial fire. These children were named Dh?7'sh/a-dyumna and Ivr/sli?za, but the latter is better known by her patronymic Draupadi. After she had chosen Arjuna for her husband at her swayam-vara, and she had become, with Drupada's consent, the wife of the five Pa??c/avas, he naturally became the ally of his sons-in-law. He took an active part in the great battle, and on the fourteenth day he was killed and beheaded by Drowa, who on the following day was killed by Dhrish/'a-dyumna, the son whom Drupada had obtained for wreaking his vengeance on Dro?ia. Besides the two children mentioned, Drupada had a younger son named /S'ikha?zf/in and a daughter 6'ikha?2f/inl. DU//-aSALA. The only daughter of Dh?7'ta-rash<ra and wife of Jayad-ratha. DU//-aS'ASAXA. ' Hard to rule.' One of the hundred sons of Dhr/ta-rash^ra. '\Yhen the Piiwf/avas lost their wife Draupadi in gamljling witli Dur-yodhana, Du/i-sasana dragged her forward by the hair and otherwise ill-used her. For this outrage Bhima vowed he would drink his blood, a vow wliich he afterwards I'ciformed on the sixteenth day of the great battle. D UR- GA—D UR- \ 'ODHA NA . .99 DUR-GA. A commentator on the Nirukta. DUR-GA ' Inaccessible.' The wife of /S'iva. See Devi. DUR-MUKHA. 'Bad face.' A name of one of Dhnta- rash^ra's sons. Also of one of Rama's monkey allies, and of several others. DUR-VASAS. 'Ill-clothed.' A sage, the son of Atri and Anasiiya, but, according to some authorities, he was a son or emanation of A^iva. He was noted for his irascible temper, and many fell under his curse. It was he who cursed /S'akuntala for keeping him waiting at the door, and so caused the separa- tion between her and King Dushyanta. But it was he who blessed KuntI, so that she became a mother by the Sun. In . the Vish?zu Pura?ia he is represented as cursing India for treat- ing with disrespect a garland which the sage presented to him. The curse was that " his sovereignty over the three worlds should be subverted," and under it Indra and the gods grew weak and were overpowered by the Asuras. In their extremity they resorted to Yish?Lu, who directed them to churn the ocean of milk for the production of the Am?7ta (water of life) and other precious things. In the Maha-bharata it is stated that on one occasion K7"ish?ia entertained him hospitably, but omitted to wipe the fragments of food from the foot of the sage. At this the latter grew angry and foretold how Iv?'/sh?ia should be killed. The Yishwu Pura?2a states that Krishwa fell according to " the imprecation of Dur-vasas," and in the same work Dur- vasas is made to describe himself as one " whose nature is stranger to remorse." DUR-YASASA PURAA^A. One of the eighteen Upa Pu- rawas. See Pura??a. DUR-Y0DHA:N'A. 'Hard to conquer.' The eldest son of King Dlw^ta-rash/ra, and leader of the Kaurava princes in the great war of the Maha-bharata. His birth was somewhat mar- vellous. {See Gandhari.) Upon the death of his brother Pa/zc^u, Dh?7'ta-rash^ra took his five sons, the Pa?ifZava j)rinces, to his own court, and had them educated with his hundred sons. Bicker- ings and jealousies soon sprang up between the cousins, and Dur-yodliana took a special dislike to Bhima on account of his skill in the use of the club. Dur-yodhana had learnt the use of this weapon under Bala-rama, and was jealous of any rival. He poisoned Bhima and threw his bodj" into the Ganges, but Bhima lOo DUR-YODHANA. sank to the regions of the Xagas, where he was restored to health and vigour. Allien Dh?-ita-rash/ra proposed to make Yudhi- sh/hira heir-apparent, Dur-yodhana strongly remonstrated, and the result was that the Pawc^avas went into exile. Even then his animosity pursued them, and he laid a plot to hurn them in their house, from which they escaped and retaliated upon his emissaries. After the return of the Pa?iJavas from exile, and their establishment at Indra-prastha, his anger was further excited by Yudhi-sh/hira's performance of the Raja-suya sacrifice. He prevailed on his father to invite the Pa7ic?avas to Hastina- pura to a gambhng match, in which, with the help of his confederate ^akuni, he won from Yudhi-sh/hira everything he possessed, even to the freedom of himself, bis brothers, and his wife Draupadi. Dur-yodliana exultingly sent for Draupadi to act as a slave and sweep the room. When she refused to come, his brother, Du/i-sasana, dragged her in by the hair of her head, and Dur-yodhana insulted her by inviting her to sit upon his knee. This drew from Bhima a vow that he would one day smash Dur-yodhana's thigh. Dhrita-rash/ra interfered, and the result of the gambling was that the Pa?