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z(/avas again went into exile, and were to remain absent thirteen years. While the PawcZavas were living in the forest, Dur-yodhana went out for the purpose of gratifying his hatred with a sight of their poverty. He was attacked and made prisoner by the Gandharvas, probably hill people, and was rescued by the Pa7ic?avas. This incident greatly mortified him. The exile of the Pa?zc?avas drew to a close. War was inevitable, and both parties prepared for the struGfde. Dur-vodhana sought the aid of K?-2sh?ia, but made the great mistake of accepting K?'/sh?ia's army in preference to his personal attendance. He accompanied his army to the field, and on the eighteenth day of the battle, after his party had been utterly defeated, he fled and hid himself in a lake, for he was said to possess the power of remaining under water. He was discovered, and with great difficulty, by taunts and sarcasms, was induced to come out. It was agreed that he and Pjlilma should fight it out with clubs. The contest was long and furious, and Dur-yodhana was getting the best of- it, when Bhima remembered his vow, and, although it was unfair to strike below the waist, he cjave his antacjonist such a violent blow on the tliigh that the bone was smashed and Dur-yodhana fell. Then Bliinia kicked DUR-YODHANA—DWIJARSHIS, loi liim on the head and triumphed over him. Left wounded and alone on the field, he was visited hy Aswatthaman, son of Dro7ia, and two other warriors, the only survivors of his army. He thirsted for revenge, and directed them to slay all the Paw- 6?avas, and especially to bring him the head of Bhima. These men entered the camp of the enemy, and killed the five youthful sons of the Pawc?avas. The version of the Maha-bharata used by Wheeler adds that these warriors brought the heads of the five youths to Dur-yodliana, representing them to be the heads of the five brothers. Dur-yodhana was unable in the twilight to distinguish the features, but he exulted greatly, and desired that Ehima's head might be placed in his hands. With dying energy he pressed it with all his might, and when he found that it crushed, he knew that it was not the head of Bhima. Having discovered the deception that had been played upon him, with a redeeming touch of humanity he reproached Aswat- thaman for his horrid deed in slaying the harmless youths, saying, with his last breath, " My enmity was against the Pa?2C?avas, not against these innocents." Dur-yodhana was called also Su-yodhana, 'good fighter.' DUSHAiVA, A Eakshasa who fought as one of the generals of Rava72a, and was killed by Rama. He was generally asso- ciated with RavaTia's brother, Khara. DUSHMANTA, DUSHYANTA. A vahant king of the Lunar race, and descended from Puru. He was husband of /Sakuntala, by whom he had a son, Bharata. The loves of Dush- yanta and iSakuntala, her separation from him, and her restora- tion through the discovery of his token-ring in the belly of a fish, form the plot of Kali-dasa's celebrated play 5akuntala. DUTANGADA. ' The ambassador Angada.' A short play founded on the mission of Angacla to demand from Ravawa the restoration of Sita. It is attributed to a poet named Subha/a. DWAIPAYA^^A. 8ee Yyasa. DWAPARA YUGA. The third age of the world, extending to 864,000 years. See Yuga. DWARAKA, DWARAYATL ' The city of gates.' Knsh72a's capital, in Gujarat, which is said to have been submerged by the ocean seven days after his death. It is one of the seven sacred cities. Also called Abdlii-nagarL DWIJARSHIS. (Dwija-?-ishis.) See Brahmarshis, I02 D WIPA—EKA-CHAKRA. DAYIPA. An insular continent. The Dwij^as stretcli ont from tlie mountain Meru as their common centre, like the leaves of a lotus, and are separated from each other by distinct circum- ambient oceans. They are generally given as seven in number : — I. Janibu, 2, Plaksha or Go-medaka, 3. >S'rdmala, 4. Ivu.sa, 5. Krauncha, 6. *Suka, 7. Pushkara; and the seas which surround them are — i. Lava/ia, salt water; 2. Ikshu, sugar-cane juice; 3. Sura, wine; 4. Sarpis or Ghfita, clarified butter; 5. Dadhi, curds ; 6. Dugdha or Kshira, milk; 7. Jala, fresh water. In the Maha-bharata four Dwipas are named: — i. Bhadraswa, 2. Ketu-mala, 3. Jambu-dwipa, 4. Uttara Kuru. Jambu-dwipa has nine varshas or subdivisions: — i. Bharata, 2. Kim-purusha, Kin-nara, 3. Hari-varsha, 4. Ila-vr^ta, which contains Meru ; 5. Ramyaka, 6. Hira/i-maya, 7. Uttara Kuru, 8. Bhadrilswa, 9. Ketu-milla. According to the Yish?m Pura?2a, Bharata-varsha or India is divided into nine Dwipas or portions: — i. Indra-dwipa, 2. Kaserumat, 3. Tamra-var?2a, 4. Gabhastimat, 5. Il^aga-dwipa, 6. Saumya, 7. Gandharva, 8. Yaru7za; 9. is generally left without a name in the books, but Bhaskara Acharya calls it Kumaraka. DAVIYIDA. I. An Asura in the form of a great ape, who was an implacable foe of the gods. He stole Bala-rama's plough- share weapon and derided him. This was the beginning of a terrific fight, in which Dwivida was felled to the earth, and " the crest of the mountain on which he fell was splintered into a hundred pieces by the weight of his body, as if the Thunderer had shivered it with his thunderbolt." 2. A monkey ally of Rama. D YAUS. The sky, heaven. In the Yedas he is a masculine deity, and is called occasionally Dyaus-j)it?"2', ' heavenly father,' the earth being regarded as the mother. He is father of Ushas, the dawn. Cf. Zsuc, Deus, Jovis, Ju-piter. Dyava-p?'ithivi, 'heaven and earth,' are represented as the universal parents, not only of men but of gods; but in other places they are spoken of as having been themselves created; and then, again, there are speculations as to their origin and 2^nority. In one hymn it is asked, "AYliich of these two was the first and which the last? How have they been produced? AAHio knows ? " The >S'atapatha Brrdima?ia declares in favour of the earth, saying, " This earth is the first of created beings." EKA-CHAKRA. A city in the country of the Kichakas, where, by advice of Yyasa, the Pa?if?avas dwelt for a time during EKA-DANSHTRA—GALA VA. 103 tlieir exile. General Cunningliam has identified it with the modern Ara or Arrah. EKA-DANSHTRA, EKA-DANTA. 'Having one tusk.' A name of Gawe.sa. EKALAVYA. Grandson of Deva-sravas, the brother of Yasii- deva. He was brother of /S'atru-ghna. He was exposed in infancy, and was brought up among the Nishadas, of whom he became king. He assisted in a night attack upon Dwaraka, and was eventually killed by K^i'shr^a, who hurled a rock at him. EKAMRA, EKAMRA KANAKA. A forest in Utkala or Orissa, which was the favourite haunt of iSiva, and became a great seat of his worship as the city of Bhu vanes wara, where some very fine temples sacred to him still remain. They have been described by Babii Rajendra Lala in his great work on Orissa. EKA-PADA. ' One-footed.' A fabulous race of men spoken of in the PuraTias. EKA-PARiVA, EKA-PArALA. These, with their sister Aparwa, were, according to the Hari-vansa, daughters of Himavat and Mena. They performed austerities surpassing the powers of gods and Danavas, and alarmed both worlds. Eka-par?ia, took only one leaf for food, and Eka-pa/ala only one pa^fala (Bignonia). Apar?ia took no sustenance at all and lived a-parwa, 'without a leaf.' Her mother being distressed at her abstinence, exclaimed in her anxiety, " U-ma " — " 0 don't." Through this she became manifest as the lovely goddess Uma, the wife of ^iva. EKASHrAKA. A deity mentioned in the Atharva-veda as having practised austere devotion, and being the daughter of Prajapati and mother of Indra and Soma. EMUSHA. In the BrahmaTia, a boar which raised up the earth, represented as black and with a hundred arms. This is probably the germ of the Varaha or boar incarnation. See Avatara, GAD A. A younger brother of K?-ishwa. GADHI, GATHIK A king of the Kusika race, and father of Viswamitra. He Avas son of Kusilmba, or, according to the Vis]i?iu Purawa, he was Indra, who took upon himself that form. GALAYA. A pupil of Viswamitra. It is related in the jMaha-bhilrata that at the conclusion of his studies he importuned 104 GALA VA—GAi\DHA-MADANA. his master to say wliat present he should make him. Yi.swa- mitra was annoyed, and told him to bring 800 white horses, each having one black ear. In his perplexity Galava applied to Garu^a, who took him to King Yayati at Pratish/hana.