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The king was unable to provide the horses, but he gave to Galava his daughter MadliavL Galava gave her in marriage successively to Haryaswa, king of Ayodhya, Divo-dasa, king of Kasi, and Usinara, king of Bhoja, receiving from each of them 200 of the horses he was in quest of, upon the birth of a son to each from Madhavi. Notwithstanding her triple marriage and maternity, Madhavi, by a special boon, remained a virgin. Galava pre- sented her and the horses to Yiswamitra. The sage accepted them, and had a son by Madhavi, who was named Ash/aka. A\Th.en Viswamitra retired to the woods, he resigned his her- mitage and his horses to Ash/aka, and Galava having taken Madhavi back to her father, himself retired to the forest as his preceptor had done. The horses were first obtained by the Brahman it/chlka from the god Yaru?za. They were originally 1000 in number, but his descendants sold 600 of them, and gave the rest away to Brahmans. According to the Hari-van,sa, Galava was son of Yi.swamitra, and that sage in a time of great distress tied a cord round his waist and offered him for sale. Prince Satyavrata (q.v.) gave him liberty and restored him to his father. From his having been bound with a cord {gala) he was called Galava. There was a teacher of the White Yajur-veda named Galava, and also an old grammarian named by Pa?iini. GAiYA-DEYATAS. ' Troops of deities.' Deities who gene- rally appear, or are spoken of, in classes. Kine such classes are mentioned: — (i.) Adityas ; (2.) Yiswas or A-^iswe-devas ; (3.) Yasus ; (4.) Tushitas ; (5.) Abhaswaras ; (6.) Anilas ; (7.) Maharajikas ; (8.) Sadhyas ; (9.) Rudras. These inferior deities are attendant upon iSiva, and under the command of Gawesa. They dwell on Ga/ia-parvata, i.e., Kailasa. GAYA-PATI. See Gae/isa. GAA'APATYA. A small sect who worship Gawa-pati or Ganesa as their chief deity. GAYAS. See Ga/ia-devatas. GAYZ)AKL The river Gandak (vulg. Gunduk), in Oude. GANDHA-MADAXA 'Intoxicating with fragrance.' i. A ^ GANDHARA—GANDHARVA. 105 mountain and forest in Ilavnta, the central region of the world, which contains the mountain Meru. The authorities are not agreed as to its relative position with Meru. 2. A general of the monkey allies of Rama. He was killed by Ravawa's son Indra-jit, hut was restored to life by the medicinal herbs brought by Hanu- man from Mount Kailasa. GANDHARA, GANDHARA. A country and city on the west bank of the Indus about Attock. Mahomedan geographers call it Kandahar, but it must not be confounded with the modern town of that name. It is the Gandaritis of the ancients, and its people are the Gandarii of Herodotus. The Vayu Pur- a?za says it was famous for its breed of horses. GANDHARI. Princess of Gandhara. The daughter of Su- bala, king of Gandhara, wife of Dhrita-rash/ra, and mother of his hundred sons. Her husband was blind, so she always wore a bandage over her eyes to be like him. Her husband and she, in their old age, l)oth perished in a forest fire. She is also called by the patronymics Saubali and Saubaleyi. She is said to have owed her hundred sons to the blessing of Yyasa, who, in acknowledgment of her kind hospitality, offered her a boon. She asked for a hundred sons. Then she became pregnant, and continued so for two years, at the end of which time she was delivered of a lump of flesh. Vyasa took the shapeless mass and divided it into 10 1 pieces, which he placed in as many jars. In due time Dur-yodhana was produced, but with such accompanying fearful portents that Dlwita-rashifra was besought, though in vain, to abandon him. A month afterwards ninety- nine other sons came forth, and an only daughter, Du/i-sala. GANDHARYA. The ' heavenly Gandharva ' of the Veda was a deity who knew and revealed the secrets of heaven and divine truths in general. He is thought by Goldstiicker to have been a personification of the fire of the sun. The Gand- harvas generally had their dwelling in the sky or atmosphere, and one of their offices was to prepare the heavenly soma juice for the gods. They had a great partiality for women, and had a mystic power over them. The Atharva-veda speaks of " the 6333 Gandharvas." The Gandharvas of later times are similar in character; they have charge of the soma, are skilled in medicine, regulate the asterisms, and are fond of women. Those of Indra's heaven are generally intended by the term, and they io6 GANDHARVA—GANESA. are singers and musicians who attend the banquets of the gods. The Pura?zas give contradictory accounts of the origin of the Gandharvas. The Vish?iu Purar^a says, in one place, that they were born from Brahma, " imbibing melody. Drinking of the goddess of speech {gam dhayantah), they Avere born, and thence their appellation." Later on it says that they were the offspring of KasA^apa and his wife Arish/a. The Hari-vansa states that they sprang from Brahma's nose, and also that they ^vere de- scended from Muni, another of Kasyapa's wives. Chitra-ratha was chief of the Gandliarvas ; and the Apsarases were their wives or mistresses. The " cities of the Gandliarvas " are often referred to as being very splendid. The Vishwu Pura^^a has a legend of the Gandharvas fighting vvith the Nagas in the in- fernal regions, whose dominions they seized and whose treasures they plundered. The ^N^aga chiefs appealed to YisliTiu for relief, and he promised to appear in the person of Purukutsa to help them. Thereupon the Nagas sent their sister Narmada (the ISTerbudda river) to this Purukutsa, and she conducted him to the regions below, where he destroyed the Gandharvas. They are sometimes called Gatus and Pulakas. In the Maha-bharata, apparently, a race of people dwelling in the hills and Avilds is so called. GANDHARYA-LOKA. See Loka. GANDHARVA-VEDA The science of music and song, which is considered to include the drama and dancing. It is an appendix of the Sama-veda, and its invention is ascribed to the Muni Bharata. GANDIXI. J. Daughter of Kasi-raja ; she had been twelve years in her mother's womb when her father desired her to come forth. The child told her father to present to the Brahmans a cow every day for three years, and at the end of that time she would be born. This was done, and the child, on being born, received the name of Gandini, *cow daily.' She continued the gift as long as she lived. She was wife of ASVa-phallca and mother of Akrura. 2. The Garn^^a or Ganges. GAiVi^iVA. The bow of Arjuna, said to have been given by Soma to Varuwa, by VaruTia to Agni, and by Agni to Arjuna. GAAEaSA (Gawa + La), GA.YA-PATI. Lord of the Garias or troops of inferior deities, especially those attendant upon S'iva. Son of *S'iva and ParvatT, or of I\~irvati only. One legend represents that he sprang from the scurf of I^arvati's GANESA. 107 "body. He is the god of wisdom and remover of obstacles ; hence he is invariably j)ropitiated at the beginning of any im- portant undertaking, and is invoked at the commencement of books. He is said to have written down the Maha-bharata from the dictation of Yyasa. He is represented as a short fat man of a yellow colour, with a protuberant belly, four hands, and the head of an elephant, which has only one tusk. In one hand he holds a shell, in another a discus, in the third a club or goad, and in the fourth a water-lily. Sometimes he is de- picted riding upon a rat or attended by one ; hence his appel- lation Akliu ratha. His temples are very numerous in the Dakhin. There is a variety of legends accounting for his elephant head. One is that his mother Parvati, proud of her offspring, asked ^ani (Saturn) to look at him, forgetful of the effects of /S'ani's glance. ^Sani looked and the child's head was burnt to ashes. Brahma told Parvati in her distress to replace the head with the first she could find, and that was an elephant's. Another story is that Parvati went to her bath and told her son to keep the door. /S'iva w^ished to enter and was opposed, so he cut off Ga?iesa's head. To pacify Parvati he replaced it with an elephant's, the first that came to hand. Another version is that his mother formed him so to suit her own fancy, and a further explanation is that /S'iva slew Aditya the sun, but restored him to life again. For this violence Ka.syapa doomed /S'iva's son to lose his head ; and when he did lose it, the head of Indra's elephant w^as used to replace it.