English
From vida, dasuka. From sasa, rīha. From jīvāma, ha, vama, and. Taṇhā and so on. From paṇussaha, hīhī, ṇolaṅa, and. From khī, mi, pī, cu, mā, vā, kāhi, ḷa, ussa, vā, dīgha, and. From guta, ḷaka, and. Paṅguḷa and so on. From pāta, ḷi. From vīta, ḷu. Thus, in Moggallāna's Grammar, the seventh chapter, ṇvādi. Homage to that Blessed One, the Worthy One, the Perfectly Self-Enlightened One. Moggallāna's Grammar 1. First Chapter: On Nouns/Nomenclature Having well saluted the Tathāgata, who possesses accomplished and perfected virtues; And the True Dhamma and the Saṅgha, I shall expound the characteristics of Magadhan words. 1. A, ā and so on, forty-three letters. A-kāra and so on, ending with niggahīta, forty-three. Forty-one letters are called sounds. A ā i ī u ū e e o o, ka kha ga gha ṅa ca cha ja jha ñña, ṭa ṭha ḍa ḍha ṇa, ta tha da dha na, pa pha ba bha ma, ya ra la va sa ha ḷa aṃ. What is its purpose? ‘‘E o na mavaṇṇe’’ 1. 37. The mention of forty-one letters indicates letter elision in some places. Thus, ‘paṭisaṅkhā yoniso’ and so on is established. 2. Ten initial vowels. Among them, the first ten letters are called vowels. What is its purpose? ‘‘Saro lopo sare’’ 1, 26 etc. 3. Two by two are homogeneous. Among them, two by two vowels are called homogeneous. What is its purpose? ‘‘Vaṇṇaparena savaṇṇopi’’ 1, 24. 4. The former is short. Among those two, whichever is the former, that is called short. Among them, e and o are seen as former from their combination. What is its purpose? ‘‘Rasso vā’’ 2,62 etc. 5. The latter is long. Among those same two, whichever is the latter, that is called long. What is its purpose? ‘‘Yo lo panisu dīgho’’ 2,88 etc. 6. K-sounds are consonants. Letters beginning with 'ka' up to the niggahīta are called consonants. What is its purpose? ‘‘Byañjane dīgharassā’’ 1,33 etc. 7. Five groups of five. The five groups of five, beginning with 'ka', are called classes. What is its purpose? ‘‘Vagge vagganto’’ 1,41 etc. 8. The dot is niggahīta. Whichever letter is a mere dot, that is called niggahīta. What is its purpose? ‘‘Niggahītaṃ’’ 1,38 etc. The designation as 'heavy' is for a meaningful term. 9. I and U sounds are jhalā at the end of a noun. A noun is a stem; the I and U sounds occurring at its end are called jhalā respectively. What is its purpose? ‘‘Jhalā vā’’ 2,111 etc. 10. In the feminine. The I and U sounds occurring at the end of a noun in the feminine gender are called 'pa'. What is its purpose? Ye passivaṇṇassa’’ 2,116 etc. 11. Ghā. The 'ā' sound occurring at the end of a noun in the feminine gender is called 'gha'. What is its purpose? ‘‘Ghabrahmādite’’ 2,60 etc. 12. Go in vocative. In the vocative, 'si' is called 'ga'. o occurs. What is its purpose? "Gevā" 2,65 etc. (Definitions) 13. Of the final part of a qualifier. Whatever is a qualifier, its final part is to be understood as the rule, "ato yonaṃ ṭāṭe" 2,41 narānare. 14. Of the preceding in the seventh case. In a seventh-case designation, the action is to be understood as belonging to the preceding only, "saro lopo sare" 1,26 veḷaggaṃ. Why is 'tamaha'ntī' not here? The locative base of 'saretopasilesikā' is stated there to mean 'it applies only to the preceding, not to the following'. 15. Of the following in the fifth case. In a fifth-case designation, the action is to be understood as belonging to the following, "atoyonaṃ ṭāṭe" 2,41 narānare. It does not occur here: 'jantuho anattā'. Why does it not occur here? Osakhyo, because it has already been done for the immediately preceding, the action does not apply to what is separated. 16. Of the initial. The action that is to occur to the following is to be understood as applying to the initial letter, "ra saṅkhyāto vā" 3,103 terasa. 17. Of the final part of the sixth case. Whatever action is designated in the sixth case, it is to be understood as applying to the final letter, "rājassi nāmhi" 2,23 rājinā. 18. The suffix Ṅa. That which has Ṅa as a suffix, becomes the final part, "gossā vaṅa" 1,32 gavāssaṃ. 19. The suffix Ṭa and multi-letter forms apply to the whole. That which has Ṭa as a suffix, and is a multi-letter substitute, applies to the whole, "imassānitthiyaṃ ṭe" 2,128 esu, "nāmha-nimi" 2,126 anena. 20. The suffixes Ña and Ka apply to the initial and final. Those which have Ña and Ka as suffixes, designated in the sixth case, apply to the initial and final, "brūto tissīña" 6,36 bravīti, "bhūssa vuka" 6,17 babhūva. 21. The suffix Ma comes after the final vowel. That which has Ma as a suffix, comes after the final vowel, "mañca rudhādīnaṃ" 5-19 rundhati. 22. In case of conflict. When two rules, each having its own scope, apply simultaneously to one place, the later rule prevails. Just as when two or three men arrive together, the later one (goes): you (go), and you (go), you all go. He (goes), you (go), and I (go), we all go. 23. The conventional suffix which is not a part. That convention which is not a part, It should be known as connected, “I am of those that are removed, etc.” the agent. What is the taking of a sign? So that there is no connection of the natural aggregate, etc. the aggregate is without parts… because it is in the form of an aggregate. What is the taking of “without parts”? “By that” person. Since the elision is understood by this alone, the statement for the elision of the connection is not begun. 24. With a vowel, a similar vowel also. The word “vowel” is that from which something is subsequent, by that, a similar vowel is also taken, and the form “of i and u, e and o are elided” is stated in the phrase, similar to “monā”. 25. Ntu is connected to vantū, mantū, tvā, vantū, tavantū. Ntu is taken only when connected to vantū, etc., “of nt and ntū, nt is in the first” guṇavanto. Why “connected to vantū, etc.”? Jantū, tantū. (Definitions.) 26. A vowel is elided before a vowel. Before a vowel, a vowel is to be elided. Here are examples: saddhi-ndriyaṃ, nohe-taṃ, bhikkhuno-vādo, sametā-yasmā, abhibhā-yatanaṃ, puttāma-tthi, asante-ttha. 27. Sometimes the subsequent. Sometimes the subsequent vowel is to be elided after a vowel. So-pi, sāva, yato-dakaṃ, tato-va. Why “sometimes”? Saddhi-ndriyaṃ. This अधिकार (rule) extends to the end of the section, therefore there is no over-application. 28. Not both, optionally. Both the preceding and subsequent vowels are optionally not elided sometimes, latā iva, late-va, latā-va. 29. Of i and u, e and o are elided. Elided vowels become e and o of subsequent i and u respectively, optionally. Tasse-daṃ, vāte-ritaṃ, no-peti, vāmo-rū, ate-vaññehi, vo-dakaṃ. How “paccorasmi”? By division of the rule. Why “optionally”? Tassidaṃ. Why “elided”? Latā iva. 30. Y and v before a vowel. Before a vowel, i and u become y and v respectively, optionally. Byākato, iccassa, ajjhiṇamutto, svāgataṃ, svāpanalānilaṃ. Why “optionally”? Iti-ssa. Why “sometimes”? Yānī-dha, sū-paṭṭhitaṃ. 31. Of e and o. E and o become y and v respectively, optionally, before a vowel. Tyajja te-jja, svāhaṃ so-haṃ. Why “sometimes”? Puttāma-tthi, asante-ttha. 32. Of go, avaṅa. Before a vowel, go becomes avaṅa. Gavā-ssaṃ. ‘Yatharī’ va, and tatharive are particles, ‘bhusāmive’ means the word iva. 33. Long and short in consonants. Sometimes long and short become short and long in consonants. For example, munīcare, sammadeva, mālabhārī. 34. Two from a vowel. Sometimes two forms of a consonant occur after a vowel. Paggaho. Why "from a vowel"? Taṃ khaṇaṃ. 35. Third and first for these in fourth and second. When followed by fourth and second, the fourth and second of these become third and first in their respective classes. Paccāsatthyā, nigghoso, akkhanti, bojjhaṅgā, setacchattaṃ, daḍḍho, niṭṭhānaṃ, mahaddhano, yasatthero, apphuṭaṃ, abbhuggato. Why "in these"? Thero. Why "these"? Pattho. 36. And in itisseva. When followed by the word eva, the i of iti becomes vo, optionally. Itveva, icceva. Why "eva"? Iccāha. 37. A for eo in a syllable. Sometimes e and o become a in a syllable, optionally. Disvā yācaka māgate, akaramhasa te, esa attho, esa dhammo, aggamakkhāyati, svātanaṃ, hiyyattanaṃ, karassu. Why "optionally"? Yācake āgate eso dhammo. Why "in a syllable"? So. 38. Niggahīta. Niggahīta sometimes becomes an increment, optionally. Cakkhuṃ udapādi, cakkhuudapādi; purimaṃ jātiṃ, purimajātiṃ; kattabbaṃ kusalaṃ bahuṃ. In cases like avaṃsiro, it is always... due to the established optional rule, it is always an increment by nature, and it occurs only after a short vowel... because it follows a short vowel. 39. Elision. Niggahīta is sometimes elided, optionally. Kyāhaṃ, kimahaṃ; sāratto, saṃratto. In cases like salle, kho-gantukāmo, gantumanoti, it is always. 40. Of the following vowel. The vowel following a niggahīta is sometimes elided, optionally. Tvaṃ-si, tvamasi. 41. Class-final in a class. The niggahīta sometimes becomes a class-final consonant in its class, by proximity. Taṅkaroti, taṃ karoti; tañcarati, taṃ carati; taṇṭhānaṃ, taṃ ṭhānaṃ; tandhanaṃ, taṃ dhanaṃ; tampāti, taṃ pāti. It always occurs in the middle of a word, and sometimes elsewhere, as in santiṭṭhati. 42. Ñ in yeva and hi. In the words ya, eva, and hi Of niggahīta, it is optionally ño. Yaññadeva, taññeva, tañhi. Or indeed? Yaṃ yadeva. 43. Ye saṃssa. The niggahīta of 'saṃsad', of that, it is optionally ño before 'ya'. Saññamo, saṃyamo. 44. Mayadā before vowels. Of niggahīta, mayadā optionally occur before a vowel, sometimes. Tamahaṃ, tayidaṃ, tadalaṃ. Or indeed? Taṃ ahaṃ. 45. Vanataragā and augmentations. These mayadā and augmentations optionally occur before a vowel, sometimes. Tivaṅgikaṃ, ito nāyati, cinitvā, tasmātiha, nirojaṃ, puthageva, idhamāhu, yathayidaṃ, attadatthaṃ. Or indeed? Attatthaṃ. 'Atippago kho tāvā' - the first part is just 'paga'. 46. Chā becomes ḷo. After the word 'cha', an 'ḷa' augmentation optionally occurs before a vowel. Chaḷaṅgaṃ, chaḷāyatanaṃ. Or indeed? Chaabhiññā. 47. Tadaminādīni.