English
Not for 'khāda' and others. For 'khāda' and others, when used causatively, the agent does not take the accusative case. He makes eat by Devadatta, He makes eat by Devadatta, He makes call by Devadatta, He makes make a sound by Devadatta, He makes cry by Devadatta, He makes lead by Devadatta. (1) For 'vaha' when uncontrolled. He makes Devadatta carry the load. What is meant by 'uncontrolled'? He makes the ox carry the load. (2) For 'bhakkha' when not harming. He makes Devadatta eat the sweet cakes. What is meant by 'not harming'? The ox eats the crop. 7. Joined with 'dhi' and others. Joined with 'dhi' and others, the accusative case occurs. Shame on me, a putrid body! Between Rājagaha and between Nālanda, Without concentration, Around Mucalinda, the lake, etc. This is an exception to the genitive case. 8. By 'abhi' in the sense of mark, state, desire, nature. By 'abhi' in the senses of mark and others. The second case is used with 'abhi'. Lightning flashes towards the tree. Devadatta is good towards his mother. He stands by tree after tree. 9. With 'pati' and 'pari' in the sense of 'part'. The second case occurs with 'pati' and 'pari' in the sense of 'part' and other meanings like 'sign'. Lightning flashes towards the tree. Devadatta is good towards his mother. He stands by tree after tree. What might be towards me here. Lightning flashes around the tree. Devadatta is good around his mother. He stands around tree after tree. What might be around me here. 10. With 'anu'. The second case occurs with 'anu' in the sense of 'sign' and other meanings. Lightning flashes along the tree. Rain fell after the act of truth. And the cause becomes a sign. Devadatta is good following his mother. He stands along tree after tree. What might be after me here. 11. In the sense of 'with'. The second case occurs with 'anu' in the sense of 'with'. The army stands along the mountain. 12. In the sense of 'inferiority'. The second case occurs with 'anu' in the sense of 'inferiority'. The wise are inferior to Sāriputta. 13. With 'upa'. The second case occurs with 'upa' in the sense of 'inferiority'. The wise are inferior to Sāriputta. 14. The seventh case in the sense of 'superiority'. The seventh case occurs with 'upa' in the sense of 'superiority'. A doṇa is in a khārī. 15. With 'adhi' in the sense of 'ownership'. The seventh case occurs with 'adhi' in the sense of 'ownership'. The Pañcālas are subject to Brahmadatta. Brahmadatta rules over the Pañcālas. 16. The third case for agent and instrument. The third case occurs for the agent and the instrument in a verb's action. Done by a man. He cuts with a sword. Beautiful by nature. Gotama by clan. Sumedha by name. Seven years old by birth, thus the third case is used for the instrument due to the origin of the root 'bhū'. Thus he runs evenly, he runs unevenly. He buys grain for two doṇas. He buys cattle for five. 17. With 'saha'. The third case may occur with 'saha'. He went with his son. He came with his son. The third case, like the sixth, occurs only with the subordinate. 18. In the sense of 'sign'. The third case may occur when indicating a sign. A wanderer by his triple staff. He sees, he is blind in one eye, by that limb a defect of the limb-bearer is observed. 19. In the cause. The third case may be used for that action which is suitable. He lives by food, fame by knowledge. 20. Or in debt. The fifth case may be used in the cause of debt. Bound by a hundred, or by a hundred. 21. In quality. The fifth case may be used in the cause that is a secondary limb. Bound by dullness or by dullness, freed by wisdom, impermanent because of non-existence after being, cessation of consciousness from the cessation of formations. 22. The sixth case with causal meanings. The sixth case may be used in the cause with words expressing causal meaning. For the sake of the stomach, for the reason of the stomach. 23. All cases from "sabba". With words expressing causal meaning, all cases from "sabba" are used. What cause, which cause, by what cause, for what cause, from what cause, of what cause, in what cause, what reason, by what reason, what sign, by what sign, what purpose, by what purpose, and so on. "With words expressing causal meaning" -- why? "Made by whom." 24. The fourth case in giving. The fourth case may be used for that to which something is properly given. He gives to the Sangha. If the base is intended, the seventh case may also be used: "Give to the Sangha." 25. For that purpose. "This is for that" is "tadatthā"; when the state of "for that purpose" is to be indicated, the fourth case may be used after a noun. For the warding off of cold, for the benefit, for the welfare (for the happiness) of gods and humans, not enough for supporting a family, wood for a sacrificial post, he goes for cooking, and so on. To whom is the sweet not pleasing? May the schism of the Sangha not be pleasing even to the venerable ones. It is pleasing to the Sangha. He did not give him food -- the sixth case is used when the relation is intended, and there would be no such contradiction because of the similarity of form, and in such cases, the relation is approved by grammarians. Or to whom do you teach the Dhamma? -- the first case in the sense of mere meaning. Thus other rules should also be known, and from elsewhere, according to tradition. He owes a hundred to the king, he holds the king's umbrella -- the sixth case in relation. Thus, he praises the king, he kills the king, he attends the king, he swears by the king, even the gods desire such a one, he is angry with him. Great hero, if I were to be angry with him, the cloud harms the directions, who does not harm friends, who wrongs a person who has not wronged him, how do I offend the noble ones? The sectarians envy the ascetics, what envy is there for those who lead by Dhamma? He envies the king's fortune, he looks at the king's fortune, by him, asked or unasked, he promises his cows, he hears the cows, they promised the Blessed One, "Let it be!" he accepts, "Let it be!" he agrees, I announce to you, I declare to you, I will teach you the Dhamma, as the Blessed One would explain to you, enough for you with dwelling here, what are your matted locks to you, foolish one? A warrior is worthy of a warrior. "Not considering life even as grass" - this is the dative of purpose. The meaning is: for whatever purpose there is with grass, even for that purpose. "And whoever, cold and heat, does not consider more than grass" "considering life like grass" - these are the respective cases. "He goes to heaven" - this is the dative of purpose. For indeed, whoever goes to heaven, that is the purpose of his going. But if one wishes to express the object, then the accusative "to heaven" is used. May there be life for you, long life, blessing, welfare, purpose, aim, skill, health, benefit, advantage, happiness, comfort be for you, good is his agreement, he should reveal the secret matter to the son, Sakko appeared to me, he should send to him, he sent a messenger to the bhikkhus, it is fitting for ascetics to be engaged, it is sufficient for one, two, or three, I will make an analogy for you, I raise my clasped hands to you, convenient for him, the welfare of the world, homage to you, noble man, welfare to him, a warrior is enough for a warrior, a warrior is capable for a warrior, beneficial to him, happiness to him, "Welcome to you, great king!" - in all these, the genitive is for relation, and other such examples should be understood according to tradition. 26. The ablative of separation. The fifth case ending (ablative) occurs for separation from a word's meaning. Let him come from the village, thus, he fears from the thief, he trembles from the thief, he protects from the thief, he guards from the thief, if you fear d Of the sugarcane, seeing danger in heedlessness, they fear the stick— the sixth and seventh cases also occur in the sense of relation and support. By study he defeats, he defeats the opponent— these are cases in their own domain. If I will be defeated by the fisherman— the sixth case also occurs in the sense of relation. He keeps the cows from the barley, one should restrain the mind from evil, he protects the rice from crows— these are all ablative cases in their own domain. The wise one should guard the mind— the second case is seen in the sense of object. He disappears from the preceptor, he studies from the preceptor, sorrow arises from desire— these are ablative cases in their own domain. He disappeared right there, he listens to the dancer, a lotus might arise there— the seventh and sixth cases also occur in their own domain. The Ganges flows from the Himalayas, quickly abstain from killing living beings, different from Devadatta, separate from Devadatta— these are all ablative cases in their own domain. Thus he is far from the destruction of defilements, the other from Devadatta, up from the sole of the foot, down from the top of the hair, before the village, even before enlightenment, beyond that, after that time, further than that. In the sense of relation, the sixth case also occurs: in front of the village, to the south of the village, above the mountain, below the palace. Having climbed the palace, he looks; he looks from the palace. Having sat on the seat, he looks; he looks from the seat— the ablative case occurs in the sense of a boundary. In questions and answers: "From where are you?" "From Pataliputta." Likewise in measuring place and time: "From Pataliputta to Rajagaha is seven leagues," or "in seven leagues." Thus, "after three months from now"— "obtained with difficulty"— the ablative case is in the sense of quality. "It was obtained by me with difficulty"— the third case is in the sense of cause or instrument. Thus, "released by a little" (ablative), "released by a little" (instrumental). "He moves a little"— the second case is in the sense of adverbial modifier of action.