English
him another says "cook, cook" thus, or causes him cooking = he causes to cook, he causes to cook, he causes to cook, he causes to cook. Whoever cook, them others say "cook, cook" thus = they cause to cook, they cause to cook, they cause to cook, they cause to cook. Thus, he causes to speak, he causes to speak, he causes to speak, he causes to speak. They cause to speak, they cause to speak, they cause to speak, they cause to speak. In the same way, also others should be applied. "In the sense of cause" for what purpose? He does, he cooks. By the inclusion of 'sense', the suffix 'ala' occurs, as in 'it shines'. 439, 539. In the form of a verb, from a noun And ṇaya. Therefore, from a noun, the ṇaya suffix occurs, and is called kārita, when it is in verbal form. He crosses the path with an elephant = he elephants over it, He sings a song with a lute = he lutes, He makes effort firm = he makes firm, The night becomes pure = it purifies. By the inclusion of 'ca', these suffixes āra, āla occur. He makes peaceful = he pacifies, He makes an approach = he approaches. 440, 445. In impersonal and passive voices, ya. From all roots, in the impersonal and passive voices, the ya suffix occurs. It is stood, it is understood, it is cooked, it is obtained, it is done, it is fought, it is said. Why "in impersonal and passive voices"? He does, he cooks, he reads. 441, 447. Of that ya suffix, change to a palatal consonant, ya, ra, va, with the end of the root. Of that ya suffix, change to a palatal consonant, ya, ra, va, occurs with the end of the roots, as appropriate. It is said, they are said, it is said, they are said, it is cooked, they are cooked. It is cleansed, they are cleansed, it is fought, they are fought. It is understood, they are understood, it is angered, they are angered, it is abandoned, they are abandoned. It is killed, they are killed. It is done, they are done. It is played, they are played. 442, 448. Or insertion of the 'i' vowel. From all roots, when the ya suffix follows, the 'i' vowel is optionally inserted. It is done, it is done, it is gone, it is gone. Why "optionally"? It is done. 443, 449. And the prior form. From all roots, the ya suffix optionally takes the prior form. It grows, it bears fruit, it is tamed, it is honored, it is obtained, it is seen. 444, 501. Likewise, and in the active voice. Just as below, in the impersonal and passive voices, the substitution of the ya suffix occurs, likewise in the active voice, the substitution of the ya suffix should be made. He understands, he pierces, he thinks, he sews. 445, 433. From the Bhū group, 'a'. From the root group beginning with Bhū, the 'a' suffix occurs in the active voice. He is, he reads, he cooks, he conquers. 446, 509. From the Rudh group, and with a preceding niggahīta. From the root group beginning with Rudh, the 'a' suffix occurs in the active voice, and a niggahīta is inserted before. He obstructs, he cuts, he breaks. By the inclusion of 'ca', i, ī, e, o. Thus these suffixes occur, and the preceding ones are omitted. He obstructs, he obstructs, he obstructs, he obstructs, he destroys, he completely destroys. 447, 510. From the Divādi group, the suffix 'ya'. From the root group beginning with 'divu' and so on, the suffix 'ya' occurs in the active voice. He plays, he is stiff, he fights, he pierces, he understands. 448, 512. From the Svādi group, 'ṇu', 'ṇā', 'u', and 'ṇā'. From the root group beginning with 'su' and so on, these suffixes 'ṇu', 'ṇā', 'u', 'ṇā' occur in the active voice. He hears, he hears, he covers, he covers, he encloses, he encloses, he reaches, he reaches. 449, 513. From the Kiyādi group, the suffix 'nā'. From the root group beginning with 'kī' and so on, the suffix 'nā' occurs in the active voice. He buys, he conquers, he shakes off, he knows, he cuts, he purifies. 450, 517. From the Gahādi group, 'ppa' and 'ṇhā'. From the root group beginning with 'gaha' and so on, these suffixes 'ppa' and 'ṇhā' occur in the active voice. He takes, he grasps. 451, 520. From the Tanādi group, 'o' and 'yirā'. From the root group beginning with 'tanu' and so on, these suffixes 'o' and 'yirā' occur in the active voice. He stretches, stretch! He does, do! He does, do! 452, 525. From the Curādi group, 'ṇe' and 'ṇaya'. From the root group beginning with 'cura' and so on, these suffixes 'ṇe' and 'ṇaya' occur in the active voice, and they are causative. He causes to steal, he causes to steal, he causes to think, he causes to think, he causes to advise, he causes to advise. 453, 444. Attanopada forms in the impersonal and passive voices. Attanopada forms occur in the impersonal and passive voices. It is said, they are said, it is cleansed, they are cleansed, it is fought, they are fought, it is angered, they are angered, it is obtained, they are obtained, it is done, they are done. 454, 440. And in the active voice. And Attanopada forms occur in the active voice. He thinks, he likes, he grieves, he understands, he is born. 455, 530. From root suffixes, the inflections. Inflections occur with the suffixes specified for roots, ending in 'khādi' and causative forms. He endures, he loathes, he investigates, he becomes a sea, he desires a son, he causes to do, he causes to cook. 456, 430. In the active voice, Parassapada. Parassapada occurs in the active voice. He does, he cooks, he reads, he goes. 457, 424. The roots beginning with 'bhū' and so on. Those words beginning with 'bhū' and so on... groups, they are called roots. He is, they are, he walks, they walk, he cooks, they cook, he thinks, they think, he is, they are, he goes, they go. Thus ends the second chapter in the section on verbs. Third Chapter 458, 461. Doubling of single-syllable letters like 'kva'. Sometimes there is a doubling of initial single-syllable letters. He endures, he loathes, he treats, he investigates, he hungers, he thirsts, he shines brightly, he gives, he abandons, he walks about. Why "sometimes"? He trembles, he moves. 459, 462. The former is the reduplication. Of a doubled root, the former part is called the reduplication. He holds, he gives, he was. 460, 506. Shortening. The vowel in the reduplication is shortened. He holds, he abandons. 461, 464. Second and fourth become first and third. In the reduplication, the second and fourth consonants become the first and third respectively. He cut, he hungers, he was, he holds. 462, 476. The 'ka' group becomes the 'ca' group. In the reduplication, the 'ka' group becomes the 'ca' group. He treats, he loathes, he hungers, he wishes to conquer, he moves about, he walks about. 463, 532. 'Va' and 'ta' for 'māna' and 'kita', optionally. For the roots 'māna' and 'kita', in the reduplication, 'va' and 'ta' are optionally substituted respectively. He investigates, he treats. Why "optionally"? He treats. 464, 504. 'Ha' becomes 'ja'. In the reduplication, 'ha' becomes 'ja'. He abandons, he offers, he offers, he took away. 465, 463. 'I' or 'a' at the end, optionally. At the end of the reduplication, there is 'i' or 'a', optionally. He loathes, he thirsts, he investigates, he hungers, he was, he holds. Why "optionally"? He hungers. 466, 489. And 'niggahita'. At the end of the reduplication, 'niggahita' is optionally inserted. He walks about, he trembles, he moves about. Why "optionally"? He thirsts, he shines brightly. 467, 533. 'Va' and 'ma' for 'pā' and 'māna' from that, optionally. From that reduplication, for the roots 'pā' and 'māna', 'va' and 'ma' are optionally substituted respectively, with their own suffixes. those others. He thirsts, he investigates. 468, 462. Ṭhā (to stand), tiṭṭho. For the root Ṭhā, the substitute tiṭṭha occurs optionally. He stands, let him stand, he might stand, they might stand. Why "optionally"? Ṭhāti (he stands). 469, 494. Pā (to drink), pivo. For the root Pā, the substitute piva occurs optionally. He drinks, let him drink, he might drink, they might drink. Why "optionally"? Pāti (he protects). 470, 514. Ñāssa jā jaṃ nā. For the root Ñā, the substitutes jā, jaṃ, nā occur optionally. He knows, he might know, he might know, he might know, he knows. 471, 483. Disassa passa dissa dakkhā vā. For the root Disa, the substitutes passa, dissa, dakkha occur optionally. He sees, he is seen, he will see, he saw. Why "optionally"? Addasa (he saw). 472, 531. Byanjanantassa co chapaccayesu ca. For a root ending in a consonant, co occurs before the suffixes cha. He is disgusted, he treats, he is hungry. 473, 529. Ko khe ca. For a root ending in a consonant, ko occurs before the suffix kha. He endures, he is hungry. 474, 535. Harassa gīse. For the root Hara, the entire substitute gī occurs before the suffix sa. He wishes to take. 475, 565. Brūbhūnamāhabhūvā parokkhāyaṃ. For the roots Brū and Bhū, the substitutes āha and babhūva occur respectively in the perfect tense. He said, they said, he was, they were. Why "in the perfect tense"? Abracuṃ (they spoke). 476, 442. Gamissanto ccho vā sabbāsu. For the root Gamu, the final consonant ma becomes ccha optionally in all suffixes and inflections. Going, going. He goes, he causes to go. Let him go, let him cause to go. He might go. He might cause to go. He went, he went. He went, he went. He will go, he will cause to go. He would have gone, he would have caused to go. Why "Gamisseti"? Icchati (he wishes). 477, 479. Vacassajjatanimhi makāro o. For the root Vaca, the vowel a becomes o in the aorist tense. He spoke. They spoke. Why "in the aorist tense"? Avaca (he spoke), Avacū (they spoke). 478, 438. Akāro dīghaṃ hi mi mesu. A The 'a' becomes long in the 'hi', 'mi', 'i', 'cce' and 'tesu' endings. Go, I go, we go, we go. By the mention of 'mi', the 'a' in the 'hi' ending is sometimes not long. Go. 479, 452. 'Ha' optionally drops. The 'hi' ending optionally drops. Go, go, go, go, make go, make go. Why 'hi'? He goes, he makes go.