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Homage to that Blessed One, the Worthy One, the Perfectly Self-Enlightened One Kaccāyana's Grammar 1. Sandhi 1, 1. Meaning is known by letters. 2, 2. Letters, beginning with 'a', are forty-one. 3, 3. Among them, vowels ending in 'o' are eight. 4, 4. Three are short in measure. 5, 5. Others are long. 6, 8. The rest are consonants. 7, 9. Classes are five by five, ending in 'm'. 8, 10. 'Aṃ' is the nasalization. 9, 11. Other designations in usage. 10, 12. One should separate the preceding consonant, standing below, from the vowel. 11, 14. Lead the latter, when appropriate. Thus, the first chapter in the Sandhi section. 12, 13. Vowels are elided before a vowel. 13, 15. Or the latter, if dissimilar. 14, 16. Sometimes, when dissimilar, it is elided. 15, 17. It is lengthened. 16, 18. And the former. 17, 19. 'Y' is the substitute for final 'e'. 18, 20. 'V' for those ending in 'o' and 'u'. 19. 22. And all (become) 'aṃ'. 20, 27. And 'd' for 'dh'. 21, 22. The letter 'i' becomes 'y', or not. 22, 28. 'E' and 'ādi' become 'ri', and the former is short. Thus, the second chapter in the Sandhi section. 23, 36. Vowels are natural before a consonant. 24, 35. Sometimes before a vowel. 25, 37. It is lengthened. 26, 38. It is shortened. 27, 39. And elision, there of 'a'. 28, 40. The latter is doubled in place. 29, 42. In a class, for voiced and unvoiced, the third and first (are substituted). Thus, the third chapter in the Sandhi section. 30, 58. 'Aṃ' (niggahita) before a consonant. 31. 49. Or the class-ending letter in a class. 32, 50. 'Ñ' before 'h'. 33. 51. And 's' before 'y'. 34, 52. 'M' and 'd' before a vowel. 35, 34. 'Y', 'v', 'm', 'd', 'n', 't', 'r', 'l' are augmentations. 36, 47. Sometimes 'o' before a consonant. 37, 57. And niggahita. 38, 53. Sometimes elision. 39, 54. And before a consonant. 40, 55. Or the latter vowel. 41, 56. And the consonant is disjoined. Thus, the fourth chapter in the Sandhi section. 42, 32. Sometimes 'putha' is augmented before a vowel. 43, 33. The final of 'pa' is short. 44, 24. 'Abbho' from 'abhi'. 45, 25. 'Ajjho' from 'adhi'. 46, 26. These, or not, before the letter 'i'. 47, 23. For 'ati', of the final. 48, 43. Sometimes 'paṭi' for 'pati'. 49, 44. 'U' for 'putha' before a consonant. 50, 45. 'O' for 'ava'. 51, 59. For those not taught, from the stated usage. Thus, in the Sandhi section, the fi... Fifth chapter. The Sandhi Sutta is finished. 2. Noun 52, 60. Indeed, endowed with the Buddha's words. 53, 61. And gender is produced. 54, 62. And from that, the case endings. 55, 63. Si, yo, aṃ, yo, nā, hi, sa, naṃ, smā, hi, sa, naṃ, smiṃ, su. 56, 64. Without hindrance to that. 57, 71. In vocative, 'si' is called 'ga'. 58, 29. 'I' and 'u' vowels, followed by 'jhala'. 59, 182. Those are 'po' in feminine. 60, 177. 'Ā' becomes 'gho'. 61, 86. 'Sa' is augmented in 'se'. 62, 206. And in singulars of 'saṃsā'. 63, 217. 'Eti', 'imā', 'sami'. 64, 216. Or of that. 65, 215. From that, 'sa' becomes 'ssa'. 66, 205. 'Gho' becomes short. 67, 229. And 'no' from 'dvā' in 'naṃ'. 68, 184. Or 'amā' from 'pa' in 'smiṃ' and 'smānaṃ'. 69, 186. And 'o' from the beginning. 70, 30. Or 'i', 'yu', 'vā' for 'jhala' before a vowel. 71, 489. And 'yava' letters. 72, 185. And of 'pa' (the prefix). 73, 174. 'Gāva' in 'se'. 74, 169. And in 'yo'. 75, 170. And in 'avaṃ'. 76, 171. Or in 'āvassu'. 77, 175. From that, 'namaṃ' from 'pati' and in elided compounds. 78, 31. And 'o' before a vowel. 79, 46. And in the opposite prefix before a consonant. 80, 173. Or 'goṇa' in 'naṃ'. 81, 172. And in 'su', 'hi', 'nā', 'su'. 82, 149. 'Aṃ' becomes 'niggahita' by 'jhala' and 'pa'. 83, 67. Vowel elision; but in the beginning of an affix, if a vowel is elided, it is natural. 84, 144. And 'agho' is short even in singulars and 'yo'. 85, 150. Not 'si', 'smi', 'mana' (neuter). 86, 227. 'Naminnaṃ' from 'ubhā' and others. 87, 231. 'Iṇṇa' and 'iṇṇannaṃ' by three numbers. 88, 147. In 'yāsu', when 'nikāra' is elided, it is long. 89, 87. And in 'su', 'naṃ', 'hi', 'su'. 90, 252. 'Attaṃ' for 'pañca' and others. 91, 194. In 'pati' and 'sinī'. 92, 100. And 'nto' for 'ntu' in 'yo'. 93, 106. Or 'sabba' in 'aṃsa'. 94, 105. Or in 'si'. 95, 145. 'Aggissini'. 96, 148. 'Jho' is not short in 'yo'. 97, 156. And 'lo' in 'vevo'. 98, 189. 'Mātulā' and others, 'ānattam' in 'ī' vowel. 99, 81. Or 'mhābhi' for 'smā', 'hi', 'smiṃ', 'naṃ' in 'mhi'. 100, 214. Not by 'ti' and 'me' with 'ākāra'. 101, 80. 'A' vowel becomes 'e' in 'su' and 'hi'. 102, 202. And of all pronouns in 'naṃ'. 103, 79. 'Ato' becomes 'nena'. 104, 66. So. 105, 0. Or so. 106, 302. Long. Of all origins, āe. In the locative, naṃ, or. For āya, of the fourth singular, indeed. Three, not indeed, and from all pronouns. From gha, of nā, etc. From pa, yā. From sakha, of ga, or. In gha, and. Not from amma, etc. Of the non-agentive, from la, ya, of the vocative, indeed, o. From jha, of sa, not, or. From gha and pa, and elision of yo. From la, and the sound 'vo'. Thus, the first section in the chapter on nouns. Of amha, mamaṃ, with its ending, in se. Mayaṃ, in yo, in the nominative. Of ntu, nto. Of nta, in se, or. Ā, in si. Aṃ, in the neuter. A-vowel, and in ga. To, ti, tā, in sa, smiṃ, nā. In naṃ, taṃ, or. Of ima, ida, aṃ, si, in the neuter. Of amu, āduṃ. Feminine, masculine, neuter number. In yo, of two, dve, and. Of three and four: tisso, catasso, tayo, cattāro, tīṇi, cattāri. Of pañca, etc., the sound 'a'. Of rāja, rañño, rājino, in se. Raññaṃ, in naṃ, or. In nā, raññā, or. In smiṃ, raññe, rājini. Tumha, amhākaṃ, tayi, mayi. Tvaṃ, ahaṃ, and in si. Tava, mama, in se. Tuyhaṃ, and mayhaṃ. Taṃ, mamaṃ, in mhi. Tavaṃ, and mamaṃ, not, or. In nā, tayā, mayā. Of tumha, tuvaṃ, tvaṃ, in mhi. From the word, in the second, fourth, sixth, vo, no. He, and in the singulars. Not in aṃ. Or, and in the third. In the plurals, vo, no. Of puman, ā, in si. A, in the vocative singular. And in compounds, optionally. In yo, āno. In āna, in smiṃ, or. Hi, and in the ending. In su, smiṃ, ā, or. 139. And in the name 'U'. 160, 197. And of the non-agent. Thus, in the chapter on nouns, the second section. 161, 244. To you and us, the names. 162, 237. Or the first. 163, 240. Of it. 164, 200. The first in all noun forms. 165, 208. Or in a dvanda compound. 166, 209. No other pronominal. 167, 210. And in a bahubbīhi compound. 168, 203. From all, 'naṃ' and 'saṃsānaṃ'. 169, 117. Of the king, 'rāju', 'sunaṃ', and 'hisu'. 170, 220. Or of all 'assima'. 171, 219. And 'animi' in the name. 172, 218. Of the non-neuter, 'yaṃ' in 'si'. 173, 223. Of that one, 'mo' and 'saṃ'. 174, 211. Of 'eta' and 'esa', 'to'. 175, 212. Or of that, 'nattaṃ' everywhere. 176, 213. 'Sasmā', 'smiṃ', 'saṃ', 'sā', 'su' become 'attaṃ'. 177, 221. And of the word 'ima'. 178, 224. From all, 'ko'. 179, 204. From 'gha' and 'pa', 'smiṃ', 'sānaṃ', 'saṃsā'. 180, 207. Not from these, 'smimāyayā'. 181, 95. From 'manogaṇa' and others, 'smiṃ', 'nānaṃ', 'iā'. 182, 97. And of 'sa'. 183, 48. Of these, 'samo' is elided. 184, 96. 'Sa' before a vowel, or 'gamo'. 185, 112. Of the word 'santa', 'so', 'bhe', 'bo' at the end. 186, 107. In 'si', of 'gacchanta' and others, the word 'nta' becomes 'aṃ'. 187, 108. In the rest, 'ntu' or 'va'. 188, 155. From 'brahma', 'sakha', 'rāja' and others, 'amānaṃ'. 189, 113. And 'syā'. 190, 114. 'Yo' and 'namāno'. 191, 130. From 'sakha', 'cāyo' and 'no'. 192, 135. 'Smi' becomes 'me'. 193, 122. And from 'brahma', 'vassa'. 194, 131. Of 'sakhanta', 'no', 'nānaṃ' in the rest. 195, 134. Or 'āro' in 'hi'. 196, 133. Or 'sunamaṃsu'. 197, 125. But from 'brahma', 'smiṃ' and 'ni'. 198, 123. 'Uttaṃ' in 'sanāsu'. 199, 158. Of 'satthu', 'pita' and others, 'ā' in 'si', and elision of 'si'. 200, 196. In others, 'ārattaṃ'. 201, 163. Or in 'naṃ'. 202. 164. And 'satthunattaṃ'. 203, 162. 'U' in 'saṃ', and elision of 'sa'. 204, 167. And of 'sakkama', 'ndhātā' and others. 205, 160. But from that, 'yonamo'. 206, 165. From that, 'smi' becomes 'mi'. 207, 161. 'Nā' becomes 'ā'. 208, 166. 'Āro' in short 'ika'. 209, 168. Of 'pita' and others, in 'asi'. 210, 239. Of 'tayā' and 'tayi', the 'ta' sound becomes 'tva' or 'ttaṃ'. Thus, in the chapter on nouns, the third section. 211, 126. 'Attanta'. In this, not-self. From that, in this, ni. With sound. From, nā. From jhala, and. From ghapa, in this, or. Of the yos, ni, by neuters. From 'a', always. Siṃ. From the rest, elision, even of gasi. From all, by 'āvuso', prefixes, particles, etc., and. Of the masculine, in genders, etc., in compounds. Aṃ, from yamī, from the designated. Naṃ, from jha, of which one. Of the yos, no. In this, ni. Of what, ka, ve, and. Ku, hiṃ, haṃsu, and. In the rest, and. Tra, to, in them, and. Of all this, the 'ā' form, or. In tra, always. E, in totha, and. Of this, thaṃ, now, ha, to, in dha, and. A, in dhunā, and. This, in rahi. From the feminine, the 'ā' suffix. From nadā, etc., or 'ī'. By ṇava, ṇika, ṇeyya, ṇantu. By those ending in patibhikkhurājīkāra, inī. Of ntu, in the tadhī form. Of bhavant, of bho. Bho, ge, tu. Of those ending in akāra, pitā, etc., 'ā'. From jhalapa, short vowel. The 'ā' form, or. Thus, the fourth section in the chapter on nouns. Tvā, etc., are case-endings. Sometimes 'to' in the sense of the ablative. Tratha, of the locative, by all pronouns. From all, dhi. From what, vo. Hiṃ, haṃ, hiñcanaṃ. From that, and. From this, hadhā, and. From which, hiṃ. In time. By kiṃ, sabba, añña, eka, yaku, dādācana. From that, now, and. From this, rahi, dhunā, dāni, and. Of all, that, in dā, or. The 'a' sound, in 'ya', elision, and. Of the old, 'ja', in 'iya' and 'iṭṭha'. Of the praised, 'sa', and. Of the near, 'neda'. Of the strong, 'sādha'. A. See the particle. 267, 396. And of young ones. 268, 397. And the elision of vant, mant, and vī. 269, 41.