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The consonants of yavataṃ, talaṇa, and daka become ca, la, ña, and ja. 270, 120. After amha, tumha, ntu, rāja, brahma, atta, sakha, satthu, pitā, etc., smā and nā are used. Thus ends the fifth section in the chapter on Nouns. The Noun Sutta is finished. 3. Kāraka (Case Relations) 271, 88. That from which one gives or takes away fear is the ablative. (308) 272, 309. Also in the case of verbs and nouns with prefixes, etc. 273, 310. The desired object of verbs of protecting. 274, 311. That by which there is seeing. 275, 312. Also in the sense of far, near, path, time, measure, elision of tvā, direction, conjunction, non-use of case ending, pure release, cause, isolated measure, previous conjunction, binding, quality, speech, question, narration, and in the sense of a little. 276, 302. That to whom one wishes to give, or to whom one likes, or to whom one holds, is the dative. 277, 303. Also with verbs of praising, striking, standing, swearing, holding, desiring, being angry, harming, envying, being pleased, seeing, promising, receiving, the agent of a previous action, the sense of 'for that purpose', 'in order to', 'enough', 'thinking', 'disregard', 'living beings', 'verbs of motion', 'verbs of wishing', 'agreement', and 'in the sense of the locative'. 278, 320. That which is the support is the locative. 279, 292. That by which something is done is the instrumental. 280, 285. That which one does is the object. 281, 294. He who does is the agent. 282, 295. He who causes to do is the causal agent. 283, 316. That which is possessed by someone is the possessor. 284, 283. The nominative in the sense of gender. 285, 70. And in addressing. 286, 291. The instrumental in the sense of instrument. 287, 296. And in conjunction with saha, etc. 288, 293. And in the agent. 289, 297. And in the sense of cause. 290, 298. And in the sense of the locative. 291, 299. That by which there is a defect in a limb. 292, 300. And in specification. 293, 301. The dative in the sense of recipient. 294, 305. Also with namo, etc. 295, 307. The ablative in the sense of source. 296, 314. And in the sense of reason. 297, 284. The accusative in the sense of object. 298, 287. In continuous connection of time and path. 299, 288. With kammappavacanīya. 300, 286. The agent of verbs of motion, knowing, enjoying, reading, carrying, doing, sleeping, etc. Those or. In ownership, the sixth case. In place, the seventh case. With owner, lord, master, heir, witness, surety, skilled, and expert. And in determination. And in disregard. Sometimes the second case in the sense of the sixth. And of the third and seventh cases. And the sixth case. And of the second and fifth cases. In the senses of object, instrument, and cause, the seventh case. And in the dative sense. And in the sense of the fifth case. And in time and states. In expressions of near, superior, and lord. And with adorned and eager, the third case. Thus, in the chapter on nouns, the sixth section, the chapter on kāraka. The Kārakasutta is finished. 4. Compound The compound of nouns has a connected meaning. And their case endings are elided. And its natural state, of the one ending in a vowel. Preceded by a prefix or particle is an Avyayībhāva compound. It is of neuter gender. Digu has singularity. Similarly in a Dvanda compound, of body parts, musical instruments, equipment, army parts, small creatures, various, opposed, dissimilar things, and so on. Optionally, of trees, grasses, animals, wealth, grain, districts, and so on. In a two-word compound with the same referent, a Karmadhāraya. Preceded by a number is a Digu compound. Both are Tatpurisa. `am` and so on, with subsequent words. In the senses of another word, a Bahubbīhi. The aggregation of nouns is a Dvanda. Of `mahant`, `mahā` in a same-referent word. In the feminine, if a feminine word is spoken like a masculine, it is like a masculine. And in the designation of Karmadhāraya. `a` of `na` in a Tatpurisa. When a vowel follows, `an`. Of `kad`, `ku`. And `kā` in the senses of small. Sometimes, of those that have become compound-ending, ending in `a`. And from `nadī`. Of `jāyā`, `jāni` when `pati` follows. And from `dhanu`. Of `aṃ` case endings, `a`-ending words are indeclinable. A vowel, `r`. 'sso' in the neuter. And elision from another. Thus, in the chapter on nominals, the seventh section on compounds. The rules on compounds are finished. 5. Taddhita Optionally 'ṇa' for offspring. 'ṇāyana', 'ṇāna' from vaccha and others. 'ṇeyya' from kattiya and others. Optionally 'ṇi' from 'a'. 'ṇavopaka' and others. 'ṇera' from vidhavā and others. 'ṇika' for that by which one is mixed, crosses, moves, or carries. And in the meanings of 'studies that', 'made by that', 'near that', 'engaged in that', 'art', 'goods', 'livelihood'. And 'ṇa' from 'rāga' in the meanings of 'that is his' and other meanings. And 'imiya' for 'jāta' and others. 'kaṇa', 'ṇā' in the meaning of 'group'. 'tā' from gāma, jana, bandhu, sahāya and others. And 'ṭhānam', 'iya' for 'that is his'. 'yitatta' in the meaning of 'comparison'. 'la' in the meaning of 'dependent on that'. 'ālu' in the meaning of 'abundant in that'. But 'ṇutta', 'tā' in the meaning of 'state'. 'ṇa' from visama and others. 'kaṇa' from ramaṇīya and others. 'tara', 'tama', 'isika', 'iya', 'iṭṭha' for distinction. And 'vī' for 'that has that'. 'sī' from tapa and others. 'ika', 'ī' from daṇḍa and others. 'ra' from madhu and others. 'vantu' from guṇa and others. 'mantu' from sati and others. 'ṇa' from saddhā and others. 'āyussa', 'kārāsa' in 'mantu'. 'maya' in the meaning of 'made of that'. 'ma' for ordinal numbers. Optionally 'sa' for 'cha'. 'dasa', 'ī' from eka and others. And always 'sa' in 'dasa'. And niggahita at the end. And 'ti'. Of 'la', 'da', 'ra'. But 'bā' for 'dvi' in 'twenty' and tens. 'ra' for 'dasa' from eka and others in counting. And from aṭṭha and others. Optionally 'ā' for dve, eka, aṭṭha. Indeed 'tha', 'ṭhā' in catu and cha. 'tiya' from dvi and ti. And also 'duta' in 'tiya'. Of them, with the prefix 'aḍḍha', 'aḍḍhuḍḍha', 'divaḍḍha', 'diyaḍḍha', 'aḍḍhatiyā'. Of similar forms, always in ekasesa. Of 'dasa' in counting. Two, three, four, five, six, seven, of eights and nines, twenty-three, four, fifty, six, seventy-nine, in which, and of origins, stability of compounds. 390, 256. Elision indeed of the four-word prefix, and of the beginning of the latter word, and also new. 391, 423. That which is not established, is accomplished by irregular formation. 392, 418. From the twelve, the suffix 'ka', and in the sense of many. 393, 415. Ten tens is a hundred, a hundred of tens is a thousand, in which. 394, 416. Up to that, and further multiplied by ten. 395, 417. By their own names. 396, 363. Of them, elision of 'ṇ'. 397, 420. In division, and 'dhā'. 398, 421. From all pronouns, in the sense of manner, indeed 'thā'. 399, 422. From 'kim' and 'ime', 'thaṃ'. 400, 364. Of the initial vowel of 'vuddhi', or of that not ending in a conjunct consonant, and in 'saṇa'. 401, 375. Augmentation of 'mā' and 'yū', in place. 402. 377. And 'ātta'. 403, 354. Sometimes, of initial, middle, and final, of long and short, and in suffixes. 404, 370. In them, lengthening, elision and augmentation, modification, and reverse substitution. 405, 365. And of 'a', 'u', and 'vaṇṇa' sounds, 'ā' and 'o' are lengthenings. Thus, in the chapter on Nouns, the chapter on Secondary Derivatives is the eighth section. The Sutta on Secondary Derivatives is finished. 6. Verb 406, 429. Now, of the former endings, six are active voice endings. 407, 439. The others are middle voice endings. 408, 430. Two by two, first, middle, and ultimate persons. 409, 441. Of all, in a single expression, the other person. 410, 432. In a noun, even when used in apposition, the first. 411, 436. You (plural) are middle. 412, 437. We are ultimate. 413, 426. In time. 414, 428. Present tense, in the present. 415, 451. In command and blessing, in non-past time, the fifth. 416, 454. In permission and supposition, the seventh. 417, 460. In the not-seen, the remote past, in the past. 418, 456. From yesterday onwards, in the seen, the yesterday past. 419, 469. In the near, the today past. 420, 471. In conjunction with 'mā', and in all times. 421, 473. In the future, the future tense. 422, 475. In the action that has passed, in the past, the conditional past. 423, 426. Present tense: 'ti', 'anti', 'si', 'tha', 'mi', 'ma', 'te', 'ante', 'se', 'vhe', 'e', 'mhe'. 424, 450. Fifth tense (imperative): indeed 'antu', 'hi', 'tha', 'mi', 'ma', 'taṃ', 'antaṃ'. ssu, vho, e, āmase. Optative: eyya, eyyuṃ, eyyāsi, eyyātha, eyyāmi, eyyāma. Attanopada: etha, eraṃ, etho, eyyāvho, eyyaṃ, eyyāmhe. Perfect: a, u, e, ttha, aṃ, mha. Attanopada: ttha, re, ttho, vho, iṃ, mhe. Imperfect: ā, ū, o, ttha, aṃ, mhā. Attanopada: ttha, tthuṃ, se, vhaṃ, iṃ, mhase. Aorist: ī, ñaṃ, ottha, iṃ, mhā, ā, ū. Attanopada: se, vhaṃ, aṃ, mhe. Future: ssati, ssanti, ssasi, ssatha, ssāmi, ssāma. Attanopada: ssate, ssante, ssase, ssavhe, ssaṃ, ssāmhe. Conditional: ssā, ssaṃsu, sse, ssatha, ssaṃ, ssāmā. Attanopada: ssatha, ssisu, ssase, ssavhe, ssiṃ, ssāmhase. Imperfect, Optative, Imperative, Present, for all roots. Thus ends the first section in the chapter on verbs. Suffixes follow from roots, nominal stems. From tij, gup, kit, man (roots), kha, cha, sa (suffixes), optionally. From bhuj, ghas, har, sup, ad (roots), in the sense of wishing to do. Suffix āya from a noun, in the sense of acting like an agent. And suffix īya from comparison. From a noun, in the sense of wishing for oneself. From verb roots, ṇe, ṇaya, ṇāpe, ṇāpayā, are causatives in causation. And ṇa, ya from a noun, in verb form. Suffix yo in impersonal and passive voices. Of that (yo), becoming ca-group, ya, ka, ra, va, with the root's end. Or optional 'i' vowel insertion.