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480, 490. For 'hu', 'e', 'ho', 'he' in the future, and for 'ssa'. For the root 'hu', the vowel 'e', 'ha', 'o', 'ha' becomes 'e' in the future, and 'ssa' optionally drops. He will be, they will be, he will be, they will be, he will be, they will be, he will be, they will be, he will be, they will be, he will be, they will be. Why 'hu'? He will be, they will be. Why "in the future"? He is. 481, 524. For 'kara' with a suffix, 'kāha'. For the root 'kara' with a suffix, 'kāha' is optionally substituted in the future tense ending, and 'ssa' always drops. He will do, he will do, you will do, you will do, I will do, we will do. Why "optionally"? He will do, they will do. By the mention of "with a suffix", other substitutions like 'khāmi', 'khāma', 'chāmi', 'chāma' occur in the future tense ending. I will say, we will say, I will cut, we will cut. Thus ends the third chapter in the section on verbs. Fourth Chapter 482, 508. For 'dā' ending in 'aṃ' in 'mi', 'mesu'. For the root 'dā', the ending 'aṃ' occurs in 'mi', 'mesu'. I give, we give. 483, 527. For a root not ending in a conjunct, lengthening in the causative. For a root not ending in a conjunct, lengthening occurs in the causative. He causes to do, they cause to do, he causes to do, they cause to do, he causes to make do, they cause to make do, he causes to make do, they cause to make do. Why "not ending in a conjunct"? He thinks, he advises. 484, 542. For 'ghaṭa' and others, optionally. For the roots 'ghaṭa' and others not ending in a conjunct, lengthening optionally occurs in the causative. He causes to join, he causes to join, he causes to join, he causes to join, he causes to make join, he causes to make join, he causes to make join, he causes to make join, he causes to go, he causes to go, he causes to go, he causes to go, he causes to make go, he causes to make go. He causes to go, he causes to go. Why "of *ghaṭa* etc."? He makes. 485, 434. And in others. And in other suffixes, all non-conjunct-ending roots undergo lengthening. He conquers, he is, he becomes. By the inclusion of *ca*, the *ṇu* suffix also undergoes lengthening. He hears well. 486, 543. Of *guha* and *dusa*, lengthening. The vowel of the roots *guha* and *dusa* becomes long in the causative. He conceals, he defiles. 487, 478. Of *vaca*, *vasa*, *vaha* etc., *u* for *va*. For the roots *vaca*, *vasa*, *vaha* and so on, *u* replaces *va* when the *ya* suffix follows. It is said, it is said, it is desired, it is carried. 488, 481. Of *ha*, inversion, or *la*. The *ha* undergoes inversion when the *ya* suffix follows, and the *ya* suffix optionally becomes *la*. It is pulled, it is carried. 489, 519. Of *gaha*, *ghe* in *ppa*. The entire root *gaha* becomes *ghe* when the *ppa* suffix follows. It is taken. 490, 518. Of *ha*, *pa* in *ṇha*. The *ha* of the root *gaha* is elided when the *ṇha* suffix follows. He takes. 491, 523. Of *kara*, *kāsa* in the aorist. The entire root *kara* optionally becomes *kāsa* in the aorist tense. He did, they did. He did, they did. By the indication of *kāsattaṃ* as a state, it also occurs elsewhere. He was, he gave. 492, 499. Of *asa*, *mhi* and *mhā* for *mi* and *ma*, and final elision. For the root *asa*, the endings *mi* and *ma* optionally become *mhi* and *mhā*, and the final part of the root is elided. I am, we are, I am, we are. 493, 498. Of *tha*, *ttha*. For the root *asa*, the ending *tha* becomes *ttha*, and the final part of the root is elided. You are. 494, 495. Of *ti*, *tthi*. For the root *asa*, the ending *ti* becomes *tthi*, and the final part of the root is elided. He is. 495, 500. Of *tu*, *tthu*. For the root *asa*, the ending *tu* becomes *tthu*, and the final part of the root is elided. Let him be. 496, 497. And in *si*. And for the root *asa* itself, in the *si* ending, the final part is also elided. Who indeed you You are, sir. 497, 477. For Labh, ī becomes ttha. For the root Labh, the ī and iṃnaṃ endings become ttha and tthaṃ respectively, and the end of the root is dropped. He obtained, they obtained. 498, 480. For Kus, ī becomes cchi. For the root Kus, the ī ending becomes cchi, and the end of the root is dropped. He reviled. 499, 507. For the root Dā, dajja. For the entire root Dā, dajja is optionally substituted. I give, he might give, I give, he might give. 500, 486. For Vad, vajja. For the entire root Vad, vajja is optionally substituted. I speak, he might speak, I speak, he might speak. 501, 443. For Gam, ghamma. For the entire root Gam, ghamma is optionally substituted. Let him go. Go! I go. Why "optionally"? Let him go, Go!, I go. 502, 493. When Yam is present, Dā, Dhā, Mā, Ṭhā, Hā, Pā, Mah, Math, etc., become ī. When the suffix Yam is present, the end of the roots Dā, Dhā, Mā, Ṭhā, Hā, Pā, Mah, Math, and so on, becomes ī. Is given, is held, is measured, stands, is abandoned, is drunk, is honored, is churned. 503, 485. For Yaj, the initial becomes i. For the root Yaj, the initial letter becomes i when the suffix Ya is present. The Buddha is worshipped by me. 504, 470. From all, uṃ becomes iṃsu. From all roots, the uṃ ending becomes iṃsu. They approached, they sat down. 505, 482. For Jara and Mara, Jīra, Jiyya, Miyya optionally. For the roots Jara and Mara, Jīra, Jiyya, and Miyya are optionally substituted. He ages, they age, he ages, they age, he dies, they die, he dies, they die. 506, 496. Everywhere, the initial of As is dropped optionally. Everywhere, in all endings and suffixes, the initial of the root As is optionally dropped. May it be, they are, being, being. Why "optionally"? You were. 507, 501. In non-verbal forms, Bhū. For the root As, Bhū optionally occurs in non-verbal forms. He will be. They will be. Why "optionally"? They were. 508, 515. For Eyya, ñāto becomes iyā ñā. For the ending Eyya, ñāto becomes iyā ñā. For that root, after it, the substitutions iyā and ñā occur, optionally. He might know, he might know. Why "optionally"? He should know. 509, 516. There is no elision of 'n', and 'y' is added. For the root 'ñā', after it, the suffix 'nā' is optionally elided, and 'y' is added. He might know, he leads. Why "optionally"? He knows. 510, 487. The 'a' suffix is elided and becomes 'et'. The 'a' suffix undergoes elision, and it optionally becomes 'et'. I speak, I speak, I speak, I speak. 511, 521. The 'o' is the first person ending. The 'o' suffix optionally becomes the first person ending. He does, he does. Why 'o'? It is. 512, 522. And for 'kara', 'a' is also the first person ending. For the root 'kara', the 'a' suffix optionally becomes the first person ending. He does, he crosses, they are beaten, it is done. Why 'kara'? He remembers, he dies. 513, 435. 'o' becomes 'ava' before a vowel. For the 'o' at the end of a root, when a vowel follows, the substitution 'ava' occurs. He moves. He becomes. Why 'o'? He conquers. 514, 491. 'e' becomes 'aya'. For the 'e' at the end of a root, when a vowel follows, the substitution 'aya' occurs. He leads, he conquers. 515, 541. 'te', 'o', 'e' become 'āva', 'āya' in the causative. These 'te', 'o', 'e' obtain the substitutions 'āva', 'āya' in the causative. He causes to cut, he causes to lead. By separation of rules, for 'e' in other cases too, the substitution 'āya' occurs. He sings, they sing. 516, 466. The insertion of 'i' in non-sabbadhātuka. In all non-sabbadhātuka forms, the insertion of 'i' occurs. He will go, he will do, he will obtain, he will cook. Why "in non-sabbadhātuka"? He goes, he does, he obtains, he cooks. 517, 488. Sometimes for roots, endings, and suffixes, there are lengthening, reversal, substitution, elision, and insertion. Here, in the verb, in unstated derivations, sometimes for roots, endings, and suffixes, these actions of lengthening, reversal, substitution, elision, and insertion should be done in accordance with the Buddha's words. He is born, he should do, he might know, he might be, he should do, he should go, he might know, you might say, you might see, he desires to give, he went, they went, he was, they were, and other such derivations should be combined. 518, 446. Attanopada forms become Parassapada. Attanopada forms sometimes become Parassapada. It is said, it is obtained. i, is cooked. Why "sometimes"? It is done, it is obtained, it is cooked. 519, 457. Insertion of 'a' in past, present, and future conditional. Sometimes the insertion of 'a' occurs in the past, present, and future conditional tenses. He went, he went, he would go. Why "sometimes"? He went, he went, he would go. 520, 502. 'ī' for 'brū' in 'ti'. The root 'brū' has the insertion of 'ī' in the 'ti' ending. He speaks. 521, 425. Elision of the end of a root with many vowels. Sometimes the end of a root with many vowels is elided. He goes, he remembers, he dies. Why "with many vowels"? He drinks, he goes, he blows. Why "sometimes"? It is honored, it is churned. 522, 476. The end of 'isu' and 'yamu' is 'ccha', optionally. The end of the roots 'isu' and 'yamu' becomes 'ccha', optionally. He desires, he restrains. Why "optionally"? He seeks, he restrains. 523, 526. Elision of 'ṇa' in causatives. The 'ṇa' of causative suffixes undergoes elision. He causes to do, he causes to do, he causes to make, he causes to make. For the sake of the Teaching, it has been expounded, by me briefly explained; By their own special wisdom, let the discerning ponder. Thus ends the fourth chapter in the treatise on verbs. The treatise on verbs is completed. 7. Treatise on Primary Derivatives First Chapter (Ka) Having worshipped the Buddha, Ocean of knowledge, omniscient, Cause of the world, of unfailing wisdom; First I shall explain, with its proofs, the treatise on primary derivatives. (Kha) Indeed, usage is the root of proof, And meaning is said to be the root of usage; Those whose minds are skilled in meanings,