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The Analysis of Truths The Discourse Section 189. Four Noble Truths – The Noble Truth of Suffering, The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering, The Noble Truth of the Cessation of Suffering, The Noble Truth of the Path Leading to the Cessation of Suffering. 1. The Truth of Suffering 190. Therein, what is the Noble Truth of Suffering? Birth is suffering, Old age is suffering, Death is suffering, Sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair are suffering, Association with the disliked is suffering, Separation from the liked is suffering, Not getting what one wishes is suffering, In brief, the five aggregates of clinging are suffering. 191. Therein, what is birth? That which, for various beings, in this or that group of beings, is birth, coming to be, descent, arising, the manifestation of the aggregates, the acquisition of the sense bases – this is called "birth." 192. Therein, what is old age? That which, for various beings, in this or that group of beings, is old age, decrepitude, broken teeth, grey hair, wrinkled skin, the decline of life, the decay of the faculties – this is called "old age." 193. Therein, what is death? That which, for various beings, from this or that group of beings, is passing away, falling away, breaking up, disappearance, death, dying, completion of time, the breaking up of the aggregates, the casting off of the body, the cutting off of the life-faculty – this is called "death." 194. Therein, what is sorrow? For one afflicted by loss of relatives, or afflicted by loss of wealth, or afflicted by illness, or afflicted by loss of virtue, or afflicted by loss of view, or endowed with any other misfortune, or afflicted by any other painful thing, sorrow, grieving, being sorrowful, inner sorrow, deep sorrow, burning of the mind, grief, the dart of sorrow – this is called "sorrow." 195. Therein, what is lamentation? For one afflicted by loss of relatives, or afflicted by loss of wealth, or afflicted by illness, or afflicted by loss of virtue... Struck by the misfortune of wrong view, or struck by some misfortune or other, endowed with some misfortune or other, struck by some painful state or other: lamentation, wailing, lamenting, bewailing, the state of having lamented, the state of having wailed, babbling speech, incoherent talk, prattling, prattling on, the state of having prattled – this is called "lamentation." 196. Therein, what is suffering? That which is bodily unpleasant, bodily pain, unpleasant pain felt born of bodily contact, unpleasant, painful feelings born of bodily contact – this is called "suffering." 197. Therein, what is mental pain? That which is mental unpleasantness, mental pain, unpleasant pain felt born of mental contact, unpleasant, painful feelings born of mental contact – this is called "mental pain." 198. Therein, what is despair? Struck by the misfortune of relatives, or struck by the misfortune of wealth, or struck by the misfortune of disease, or struck by the misfortune of morality, or struck by the misfortune of wrong view, endowed with some misfortune or other, struck by some painful state or other: distress, despair, the state of having been distressed, the state of having despaired – this is called "despair." 199. Therein, what is suffering from association with the disliked? Here, for whom there are disagreeable, unpleasant, undesirable forms, sounds, smells, tastes, tangibles, or for whom there are those who wish him ill, wish him harm, wish him discomfort, wish him no security; that meeting, coming together, convergence, mingling with them – this is called "suffering from association with the disliked." 200. Therein, what is suffering from separation from the loved? Here, for whom there are agreeable, pleasant, desirable forms, sounds, smells, tastes, tangibles, or for whom there are those who wish him well, wish him benefit, wish him comfort, wish him security – mother or father or brother or sister or friends or colleagues or relatives or blood-relations; that not meeting, not coming together, not converging, not mingling with them – this it is said: "Separation from loved ones is suffering." 201. What is this, "not getting what one wants is suffering"? For beings subject to birth, such a wish arises: "Oh, if only we were not subject to birth; and if only birth would not come to us!" But this is not to be attained by wishing. This too is "not getting what one wants is suffering." For beings subject to old age... (similarly) ... for beings subject to sickness... (similarly) ... for beings subject to death... (similarly) ... for beings subject to sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair, such a wish arises: "Oh, if only we were not subject to sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair; and if only sorrow, lamentation, pain, grief, and despair would not come to us!" But this is not to be attained by wishing. This too is "not getting what one wants is suffering." 202. What, in short, are the five aggregates of clinging that are suffering? Namely: the aggregate of clinging to form, the aggregate of clinging to feeling, the aggregate of clinging to perception, the aggregate of clinging to mental formations, the aggregate of clinging to consciousness. These are called "the five aggregates of clinging that are suffering, in short." This is called "the noble truth of suffering." 2. The Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering 203. What is the noble truth of the origin of suffering? It is this craving that leads to renewed existence, accompanied by delight and lust, seeking delight here and there; namely: craving for sensual pleasures, craving for existence, craving for non-existence. Where does this craving arise when arising, where does it settle when settling? Whatever is delightful and agreeable in the world, there this craving arises when arising, there it settles when settling. And what in the world is delightful and agreeable? The eye is delightful and agreeable in the world. There this craving arises when arising, there it settles when settling. The ear in the world... (similarly) ... the nose in the world... the tongue in the world... the body in the world... the mind in the world is delightful and agreeable. There this craving arises when arising, there it While settling down, it settles down. Forms in the world are dear forms, are pleasant forms. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Sounds in the world are dear forms, are pleasant forms. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Smells in the world are dear forms, are pleasant forms. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Tastes in the world are dear forms, are pleasant forms. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Tangibles in the world are dear forms, are pleasant forms. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Mental phenomena in the world are dear forms, are pleasant forms. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Eye-consciousness in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Ear-consciousness in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Nose-consciousness in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Tongue-consciousness in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Body-consciousness in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Mind-consciousness in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Eye-contact in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Ear-contact in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Nose-contact in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Tongue-contact in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Body-contact in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Mind-contact in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Feeling born of eye-contact in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Feeling born of ear-contact in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Feeling born of nose-contact in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Feeling born of tongue-contact in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Feeling born of body-contact in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down. Feeling born of mind-contact in the world is a dear form, is a pleasant form. Here, this craving, while arising, arises; here, while settling down, it settles down.