Chinese
大正藏第 31 册 No. 1615 王法正理论 No. 1615 王法正理论 弥勒菩萨造 三藏法师玄奘奉 诏译 如佛世尊为出爱王所说经言。彼王一时往诣佛所顶礼佛足。白言。世尊。有一沙门若婆罗门来至我所。以不真实过失现前呵谏于我。我于尔时。其心不生悔恼忧戚。何以故。观此过失。于我自身都不见故。又有沙门若婆罗门来至我所。以不真实功德现前赞劝于我。我于尔时。心亦不生欢喜踊跃。何以故。观此功德。于我自身都不见故。彼诸沙门及婆罗门既退还已。我便独处空闲静室。生如是心筹量寻伺。我当云何了知诸王真实过失真实功德。若我知者当舍其失爰修其德。谁有沙门或婆罗门。能了诸王真实过失真实功德。亦能为我广开示者。既寻伺已。便作是念唯我世尊一切知者。一切见者。定当了知诸王所有真实过失真实功德。我今当往佛世尊所请问斯义。故我今者来至佛所。请决是义。唯愿如来。为我开示。世尊。云何诸王真实过失。云何诸王真实功德。作是请已。 尔时世尊告出爱王曰。大王。大王。今者应当了知王之过失。王之功德。王衰损门。王方便门。王可爱法及能引发王可爱法。 云何名为王之过失。大王当知。王过失者。略 现代汉语译本 大正藏第 31 册 No. 1615 王法正理论 No. 1615 王法正理论 弥勒菩萨造 三藏法师玄奘奉 诏译 如佛世尊为出爱王（国王名）所说经言。彼王一时往诣佛所顶礼佛足。白言。世尊。有一沙门（出家求道者）若婆罗门（古印度僧侣）来至我所。以不真实过失现前呵谏于我。我于尔时。其心不生悔恼忧戚。何以故。观此过失。于我自身都不见故。又有沙门若婆罗门来至我所。以不真实功德现前赞劝于我。我于尔时。心亦不生欢喜踊跃。何以故。观此功德。于我自身都不见故。彼诸沙门及婆罗门既退还已。我便独处空闲静室。生如是心筹量寻伺。我当云何了知诸王真实过失真实功德。若我知者当舍其失爰修其德。谁有沙门或婆罗门。能了诸王真实过失真实功德。亦能为我广开示者。既寻伺已。便作是念唯我世尊一切知者。一切见者。定当了知诸王所有真实过失真实功德。我今当往佛世尊所请问斯义。故我今者来至佛所。请决是义。唯愿如来（佛的称号）。为我开示。世尊。云何诸王真实过失。云何诸王真实功德。作是请已。 尔时世尊告出爱王曰。大王。大王。今者应当了知王之过失。王之功德。王衰损门。王方便门。王可爱法及能引发王可爱法。 云何名为王之过失。大王当知。王过失者。略
English
English version Tripitaka Volume 31 No. 1615 Rāja-dharma-nyāya-śāstra (Treatise on the Correct Principles of Royal Law) No. 1615 Rāja-dharma-nyāya-śāstra Composed by Bodhisattva Maitreya Translated under imperial decree by the Tripiṭaka Master Xuanzang As the Buddha, the World-Honored One, spoke in the sutra for King Giving-Love (name of a king), that king once went to the Buddha, bowed at his feet, and said, 'World-Honored One, when a śrāmaṇa (ascetic, religious mendicant) or a Brahmin (member of the priestly class in ancient India) comes to me and falsely accuses me of faults, at that time, my heart does not generate regret, distress, or sorrow. Why? Because observing these faults, I do not see them in myself. Also, when a śrāmaṇa or a Brahmin comes to me and praises and encourages me with untrue merits, at that time, my heart does not generate joy or elation. Why? Because observing these merits, I do not see them in myself. After those śrāmaṇas and Brahmins have departed, I remain alone in a quiet chamber, generating such thoughts, contemplating and pondering: How shall I know the true faults and true merits of kings? If I know them, I shall abandon their faults and cultivate their merits. Who is there among the śrāmaṇas or Brahmins who can know the true faults and true merits of kings and also widely reveal them to me? Having contemplated and pondered, I then think: Only the World-Honored One, the all-knowing, the all-seeing, will surely know all the true faults and true merits of kings. I shall now go to the Buddha, the World-Honored One, to inquire about this meaning. Therefore, I now come to the Buddha to request a resolution of this matter. I pray that the Tathāgata (title of the Buddha) will reveal it to me. World-Honored One, what are the true faults of kings? What are the true merits of kings?' Having made this request, At that time, the World-Honored One said to King Giving-Love, 'Great King, Great King, now you should understand the faults of a king, the merits of a king, the doors of decline for a king, the expedient means for a king, the lovable qualities of a king, and what can bring about the lovable qualities of a king.' 'What are called the faults of a king? Great King, you should know that the faults of a king, briefly' --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
有九种。王若成就如是过失。虽有大府库有大辅佐有大军众不可归仰。何等为九。一不得自在。二立性暴恶。三猛利愤发。四恩惠奢薄。五受邪佞言。六所作不思不顺仪则。七不顾善法。八不知差别忘所作恩。九一向纵任专行放逸。 云何名王不得自在。谓有国王。志性不强所为软弱。为诸大臣辅相国师群官所制。不随所欲作所应作锡赉群臣。于妙五欲欢娱游戏。亦不如意。如是名王不得自在。 云何名王立性暴恶。谓有国王。诸群臣类或余人等。随于一处现行少小不如意事。即便对面摈黜。发粗恶言咆勃忿恚。颦蹙而住时生愤发。设不对面背彼向余。而作于前摈骂等事。设不对面亦不背彼向余而作于前黜骂等事。然唯内意愤恚郁快。怀恼害心怀怨恨心。然不长时持愤恚心相续不舍。复有内意愤恚郁快。怀恼害心怀怨恨心。亦于长时持愤恚心相续不舍。由如是相对面暴恶。背面暴恶。懊恚暴恶暂时暴恶。长久暴恶。如是名王立性暴恶。大王当知。长久暴恶名为大过。非是余者。 云何名王猛利愤发谓有国王诸群臣等。有小𠎝过有少违越便削封禄夺去妻妾。或以重罚而刑罚之。如是名王猛利愤发。 云何名王恩惠奢薄。谓有国王诸群臣等供奉侍卫。虽极清净善称其心。而以微劣软言而慰喻之。 现代汉语译本：有九种过失。如果国王具备这些过失，即使拥有庞大的府库、强大的辅佐和众多的军队，也不值得依靠。这九种过失是什么呢？一是不得自在，二是天性暴虐，三是动辄暴怒，四是吝啬恩惠，五是听信奸佞之言，六是做事不经思考，不合规矩，七是不顾善法，八是不知恩图报，忘恩负义，九是一味放纵，恣意妄为。 什么叫做国王不得自在呢？就是说有的国王，意志不坚定，性格软弱，被大臣、辅相、国师和各级官员所控制，不能随心所欲地做自己想做的事，赏赐臣下，享受五欲之乐，都不能如愿。这样的国王就叫做不得自在。 什么叫做国王天性暴虐呢？就是说有的国王，对于臣下或者其他人，只要在任何场合稍有不如意的地方，就当面斥责，恶语相向，咆哮愤怒，皱着眉头，时常发怒。即使不当面斥责，也会在背后对其他人进行斥责谩骂。即使不当面也不背后斥责谩骂，只是内心愤恨郁闷，怀着恼害之心和怨恨之心。而且这种愤恨之心不会很快消失，会持续很长时间。像这样当面暴虐，背后暴虐，恼怒暴虐，暂时暴虐，长久暴虐，这样的国王就叫做天性暴虐。大王您要知道，长久的暴虐是最大的过失，没有比这更严重的了。 什么叫做国王动辄暴怒呢？就是说有的国王，对于臣下稍有小的过失或者违背，就削减他们的俸禄，夺走他们的妻妾，或者施以严厉的刑罚。这样的国王就叫做动辄暴怒。 什么叫做国王吝啬恩惠呢？就是说有的国王，对于那些尽心尽力侍奉自己的臣下，即使他们非常清廉，能够很好地满足国王的心意，也只是用一些微薄的赏赐和软弱的言语来安慰他们。
English
English version: There are nine kinds of faults. If a king possesses such faults, even if he has vast treasuries, powerful advisors, and large armies, he is not worth relying on. What are these nine faults? First, not being independent; second, being inherently cruel; third, being prone to violent anger; fourth, being stingy with favors; fifth, listening to the words of flatterers; sixth, acting without thinking and not following proper rules; seventh, disregarding good laws; eighth, being ungrateful and forgetting kindness; ninth, being completely indulgent and acting recklessly. What is called a king 'not being independent'? It refers to a king who is not strong-willed and is weak in character, controlled by ministers, advisors, national teachers, and various officials. He cannot do what he wants or what he should do, and he cannot reward his subjects or enjoy the pleasures of the five desires as he wishes. Such a king is called 'not being independent'. What is called a king 'being inherently cruel'? It refers to a king who, if any of his subjects or others do something slightly displeasing in any situation, immediately rebukes them to their face, speaks harshly, roars in anger, frowns, and often becomes enraged. Even if he does not rebuke them to their face, he will criticize and scold them behind their backs to others. Even if he does not rebuke or scold them to their face or behind their backs, he still harbors resentment and anger in his heart, holding onto feelings of harm and hatred. Moreover, this resentment does not disappear quickly but lasts for a long time. Such a king, who is cruel to their face, cruel behind their back, cruel in anger, cruel temporarily, and cruel for a long time, is called 'being inherently cruel'. Great King, you should know that prolonged cruelty is the greatest fault; there is nothing more serious than that. What is called a king 'being prone to violent anger'? It refers to a king who, for even small mistakes or transgressions by his subjects, reduces their stipends, takes away their wives and concubines, or punishes them with severe penalties. Such a king is called 'being prone to violent anger'. What is called a king 'being stingy with favors'? It refers to a king who, even when his subjects serve him diligently and purely, pleasing him well, only comforts them with meager rewards and weak words. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
颁赐爵禄酬赏勋庸。不能圆满不顺常式。或损耗已。或稽留已。或推注已。或怨恨已。然后方与如是名王恩惠奢薄。 云何名王受邪佞言。若有国王诸群臣等。实非聪睿诈现聪睿。贪浊偏党不闲宪式。情怀谋叛不修善政。听受信用如是辈人所进谏议。由此因缘王务财宝。名称善政并皆衰损。如是名王受邪佞言。 云何名王所作不思不顺仪则。谓有国王。不能究察不审究察。不能思择不审思择。诸群臣辈于彼彼务机密事中。不堪委任而委任之。堪委任者而不委任。堪驱役者而不驱役。不堪役者乃驱役之。应赏赉者而刑罚之。应刑罚者而赏赉之。又于群臣不善安处先王仪则。由此群臣处大朝会。余论未终发言间绝。不敬不惮而兴谏诤。不如旨教而善奉行。不正安住王之教命。如是名王所作不思不顺仪则。 云何名王不顾善法。谓有国王。不信他世亦不晓悟。由于他世不信不悟。便于当来善不善业爱非爱果不能信解。不信解故无有羞耻。随情造作身语意业三种恶行。不能时时布施修福受斋学戒。如是名王不顾善法。云何名王不知差别忘所作恩。谓有国王。于诸大臣辅相国师及群官等。其心颠倒不善了知忠信技艺智慧差别。以不知故。非忠信所生忠信想。于忠信所非忠信想。无技艺所生技艺想。有技艺所无 现代汉语译本 赏赐爵位俸禄来酬谢有功之臣，却不能做到圆满，不符合常规制度。有时减少赏赐，有时拖延不发，有时推诿搪塞，有时引起怨恨。然后才给予，像这样的国王恩惠太少。 什么样的国王会听信奸佞之言？如果有些国王的臣子们，实际上并不聪明却假装聪明，贪婪偏袒，不熟悉规章制度，心怀谋反，不致力于治理好国家，听信并采纳这些人的进谏。由于这样的原因，国王的政务、财富、名声和好的政策都会衰败减损。这样的国王就是听信奸佞之言。 什么样的国王做事不经过思考，不符合礼仪规范？就是说有些国王，不能深入考察，不仔细考察，不能思考选择，不认真思考选择。对于那些在各种事务和机密事情中，不胜任的臣子却委任他们，胜任的却不委任。应该驱使的却不驱使，不应该驱使的却驱使。应该奖赏的却刑罚他们，应该刑罚的却奖赏他们。而且对于群臣不能很好地安排遵循先王的制度。因此群臣在大朝会上，别人的议论还没结束就插话打断。不敬畏，不害怕，而发起争论。不按照国王的旨意教导而好好奉行，不正当地对待国王的教命。这样的国王就是做事不经过思考，不符合礼仪规范。 什么样的国王不顾及善法？就是说有些国王，不相信有来世，也不明白道理。由于对来世不相信，不明白，对于将来的善与不善的业，喜爱与不喜爱的果报不能相信理解。因为不相信理解，所以没有羞耻心，随着自己的情绪造作身、语、意三种恶行。不能时常布施、修福、受斋、学习戒律。这样的国王就是不顾及善法。 什么样的国王不能分辨差别，忘记别人所做的恩德？就是说有些国王，对于大臣、辅相、国师以及其他官员等，他的心是颠倒的，不能很好地了解忠诚、技艺、智慧的差别。因为不了解这些差别，对于不忠诚的人产生忠诚的想法，对于忠诚的人产生不忠诚的想法，对于没有技艺的人产生有技艺的想法，对于有技艺的
English
English version Bestowing titles and stipends to reward meritorious service is not done perfectly and does not follow the usual procedures. Sometimes the rewards are reduced, sometimes they are delayed, sometimes they are evaded or resented, and then they are given. Such a king's grace is meager. What kind of king listens to the words of flatterers? If some of the king's ministers are actually not wise but pretend to be wise, are greedy and biased, are not familiar with the rules and regulations, harbor rebellious intentions, and do not devote themselves to governing the country well, he listens to and adopts the advice of such people. Because of this, the king's affairs, wealth, reputation, and good policies will all decline and diminish. Such a king listens to the words of flatterers. What kind of king acts without thinking and does not conform to etiquette? It means that some kings cannot investigate deeply, do not investigate carefully, cannot think and choose, and do not think and choose carefully. Those ministers who are not competent in various affairs and confidential matters are entrusted with them, but those who are competent are not entrusted. Those who should be driven are not driven, but those who should not be driven are driven. Those who should be rewarded are punished, and those who should be punished are rewarded. Moreover, he cannot properly arrange and follow the system of the former kings for the ministers. Therefore, the ministers interrupt and interrupt others' discussions before they are finished in the great court meeting. Without reverence and fear, they initiate disputes. They do not follow the king's teachings and practice them well, and they do not properly treat the king's commands. Such a king acts without thinking and does not conform to etiquette. What kind of king disregards good Dharma? It means that some kings do not believe in the afterlife and do not understand the truth. Because they do not believe in the afterlife and do not understand it, they cannot believe and understand the good and bad karma and the loving and unloving consequences of the future. Because they do not believe and understand, they have no shame and create three kinds of evil deeds of body, speech, and mind according to their own emotions. They cannot always give alms, cultivate blessings, observe fasts, and learn precepts. Such a king disregards good Dharma. What kind of king cannot distinguish differences and forgets the kindness others have done? It means that some kings are confused about ministers, advisors, national teachers, and other officials, and cannot understand the differences between loyalty, skill, and wisdom. Because he does not understand these differences, he has the idea of loyalty for those who are not loyal, the idea of non-loyalty for those who are loyal, the idea of skill for those who have no skill, and the idea of no skill for those who have skill. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------