Chinese
此及前说总名爱语。复次如世尊为手长者说：长者！当知诸爱语中最为胜者，谓善劝导诸善男子善女人等属耳听法，时时说法、时时教诲、时时决择，是名爱语。摄事者，谓由此爱语，于他等摄、近摄、近持、令相亲附。如是爱语于他有情，能等摄、能近摄、能近持、能令亲附，是故名为爱语摄事。云何利行摄事？答：此中利行者，谓诸有情或遭重病、或遭厄难困苦无救，便到其所起慈愍心，以身语业方便供侍、方便救济，是名利行。复次如世尊为手长者说：长者！当知诸利行中最为胜者，谓不信者方便劝导调伏安立令信圆满。若破戒者方便劝导调伏安立令戒圆满。若悭贪者方便劝导调伏安立令施圆满。若恶慧者方便劝导调伏安立令慧圆满。诸如是等说名利行。摄事者，谓由此利行于他等。摄近摄近持令相亲附。如是利行于他有情，能等摄、能近摄、能近持、能令亲附，是故名为利行摄事。云何同事摄事？答：此中同事者，谓于断生命深厌离者，为善助伴令离断生命。若于不与取深厌离者，为善助伴令离不与取。若于欲邪行深厌离者，为善助伴令离欲邪行。若于虚诳语深厌离者，为善助伴令离虚诳语。若于饮诸酒深厌离者，为善助伴令离饮诸酒。诸如是等说名同事。复次如世尊为手长者说：长者！当知诸同事中最为胜 现代汉语译本： 此及以上所说的总称为爱语。再者，如世尊为手长者（a wealthy householder）所说：‘长者！当知在所有爱语中，最为殊胜的是，善于劝导那些善男子、善女人等，让他们专心听法，时时说法、时时教诲、时时决择，这叫做爱语。’摄事（Sangraha-vastu，means of winning disciples）是指，通过这种爱语，能够平等地摄受他人、亲近地摄受、紧密地维系，使他们互相亲近依附。像这样，爱语对于其他有情，能够平等摄受、能够亲近摄受、能够紧密维系、能够使他们亲近依附，所以称为爱语摄事。 什么是利行摄事？答：这里所说的利行，是指那些有情，或者遭遇重病、或者遭遇厄难困苦而无所救助，便到他们那里去，生起慈悲怜悯之心，用身语行为他们提供方便侍奉、方便救济，这叫做利行。再者，如世尊为手长者所说：‘长者！当知在所有利行中，最为殊胜的是，对于不信者，方便劝导、调伏、安立，使他们的信心圆满。对于破戒者，方便劝导、调伏、安立，使他们的戒行圆满。对于悭贪者，方便劝导、调伏、安立，使他们的布施圆满。对于恶慧者，方便劝导、调伏、安立，使他们的智慧圆满。’这些都叫做利行。摄事是指，通过这种利行，能够平等地摄受他人、亲近地摄受、紧密地维系，使他们互相亲近依附。像这样，利行对于其他有情，能够平等摄受、能够亲近摄受、能够紧密维系、能够使他们亲近依附，所以称为利行摄事。 什么是同事摄事？答：这里所说的同事，是指对于断生命深感厌离的人，做他们的好帮手，使他们远离断生命。对于不与取（stealing）深感厌离的人，做他们的好帮手，使他们远离不与取。对于欲邪行（sexual misconduct）深感厌离的人，做他们的好帮手，使他们远离欲邪行。对于虚诳语（lying）深感厌离的人，做他们的好帮手，使他们远离虚诳语。对于饮诸酒（drinking alcohol）深感厌离的人，做他们的好帮手，使他们远离饮诸酒。这些都叫做同事。再者，如世尊为手长者所说：‘长者！当知在所有同事中，最为殊胜的是……’
English
English version: This and the preceding explanations are collectively called 'Affectionate Speech'. Furthermore, as the World Honored One said to the householder Hand (a wealthy householder): 'Householder! Know that among all affectionate speech, the most excellent is to skillfully guide virtuous men and virtuous women to listen attentively to the Dharma, to preach the Dharma from time to time, to teach and instruct from time to time, and to make wise decisions from time to time. This is called 'Affectionate Speech'.' 'Sangraha-vastu (means of winning disciples)' refers to, through this affectionate speech, being able to equally embrace others, closely embrace, closely maintain, and cause them to be close and attached to each other. In this way, affectionate speech towards other sentient beings can equally embrace, closely embrace, closely maintain, and cause them to be close and attached. Therefore, it is called 'Affectionate Speech Sangraha-vastu'. What is 'Beneficial Conduct Sangraha-vastu'? Answer: Here, 'Beneficial Conduct' refers to sentient beings who are either suffering from severe illness or encountering calamities and hardships without help. One goes to them, generates compassion and pity, and uses body, speech, and mind to provide convenient service and convenient relief. This is called 'Beneficial Conduct'. Furthermore, as the World Honored One said to the householder Hand: 'Householder! Know that among all beneficial conduct, the most excellent is to skillfully guide, subdue, and establish those who do not believe, so that their faith is perfected. To skillfully guide, subdue, and establish those who have broken precepts, so that their precepts are perfected. To skillfully guide, subdue, and establish those who are stingy, so that their generosity is perfected. To skillfully guide, subdue, and establish those who have wrong views, so that their wisdom is perfected.' All these are called 'Beneficial Conduct'. 'Sangraha-vastu' refers to, through this beneficial conduct, being able to equally embrace others, closely embrace, closely maintain, and cause them to be close and attached to each other. In this way, beneficial conduct towards other sentient beings can equally embrace, closely embrace, closely maintain, and cause them to be close and attached. Therefore, it is called 'Beneficial Conduct Sangraha-vastu'. What is 'Cooperation Sangraha-vastu'? Answer: Here, 'Cooperation' refers to those who deeply abhor taking life, being good companions to help them abstain from taking life. To those who deeply abhor not giving (stealing), being good companions to help them abstain from not giving. To those who deeply abhor sexual misconduct, being good companions to help them abstain from sexual misconduct. To those who deeply abhor lying, being good companions to help them abstain from lying. To those who deeply abhor drinking alcohol, being good companions to help them abstain from drinking alcohol. All these are called 'Cooperation'. Furthermore, as the World Honored One said to the householder Hand: 'Householder! Know that among all cooperation, the most excellent is...' --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
者，谓阿罗汉、不还、一来、预流果等。与阿罗汉、不还、一来、预流果等而为同事，是名同事。摄事者，谓由此同事，于他等摄、近摄、近持、令相亲附。如是同事于他有情，能等摄、能近摄、能近持、能令亲附，是故名为同事摄事。如世尊说： “布施及爱语， 利行与同事， 如应处处说， 普摄诸世间。 如是四摄事， 在世间若无， 子于其父母， 亦不欲孝养。 以有摄事故， 有法者随转， 故得大体者， 观益而施设。” 四生者，一、卵生；二、胎生；三、湿生；四、化生。云何卵生？答：若诸有情从卵而生，谓在卵㲉先为卵㲉之所缠裹，后破卵㲉方得出生。此复云何？如鹅雁孔雀、鸜鹆鹦鹉、春鹦离黄、命命鸟等，及一类龙、一类妙翅并一类人。复有所余诸有情类从卵而生，谓在卵㲉先为卵㲉之所缠裹，后破卵㲉方出生者，皆名卵生。云何胎生？答：若诸有情从胎而生，谓在胎藏先为胎藏之所缠裹，后破胎藏方得出生。此复云何？如象马驼、牛驴羊鹿、水牛猪等，及一类龙、一类妙翅、一类鬼、一类人。复有所余诸有情类从胎而生，谓在胎藏先为胎藏之所缠裹，后破胎藏方出生者，皆名胎生。云何湿生？答：若诸有情展转温暖、展转润湿、展转集聚，或依粪聚、 现代汉语译本： ‘者’，指的是阿罗汉（Arhat，已证得涅槃的圣者）、不还（Anagamin，不再返回欲界的圣者）、一来（Sakridagamin，只返回欲界一次的圣者）、预流果（Srotapanna，已入圣者之流的圣者）等。与阿罗汉、不还、一来、预流果等一起共事，这叫做同事。摄事，指的是通过这种同事，对于其他人等进行摄受、亲近摄受、亲近保持、使之亲近依附。像这样的同事对于其他有情，能够平等摄受、能够亲近摄受、能够亲近保持、能够使之亲近依附，因此叫做同事摄事。正如世尊所说： ‘布施及爱语，利行与同事， 如应处处说，普摄诸世间。 如是四摄事，在世间若无， 子于其父母，亦不欲孝养。 以有摄事故，有法者随转， 故得大体者，观益而施设。’ 四生，一、卵生；二、胎生；三、湿生；四、化生。什么是卵生？回答：如果各种有情从卵中出生，就是在卵壳中先被卵壳所缠裹，然后破开卵壳才得以出生。这又是什么呢？比如鹅、雁、孔雀、鸜鹆、鹦鹉、春鹦、离黄、命命鸟等，以及一类龙、一类妙翅鸟，还有一类人。还有其他各种有情类从卵中出生，就是在卵壳中先被卵壳所缠裹，然后破开卵壳才出生的，都叫做卵生。什么是胎生？回答：如果各种有情从胎中出生，就是在胎藏中先被胎藏所缠裹，然后破开胎藏才得以出生。这又是什么呢？比如象、马、骆驼、牛、驴、羊、鹿、水牛、猪等，以及一类龙、一类妙翅鸟、一类鬼，还有一类人。还有其他各种有情类从胎中出生，就是在胎藏中先被胎藏所缠裹，然后破开胎藏才出生的，都叫做胎生。什么是湿生？回答：如果各种有情辗转于温暖、辗转于润湿、辗转于聚集，或者依靠粪堆、
English
English version: 'Those' refer to Arhats (Arhat, a saint who has attained Nirvana), Anagamins (Anagamin, a saint who does not return to the desire realm), Sakridagamins (Sakridagamin, a saint who returns to the desire realm only once), Srotapannas (Srotapanna, a saint who has entered the stream of holiness), and so on. Working together with Arhats, Anagamins, Sakridagamins, Srotapannas, and so on, is called 'co-practice'. 'Means of gathering' refers to, through this co-practice, gathering, closely gathering, closely maintaining, and causing others to be close and attached to others. Such co-practice, for other sentient beings, can equally gather, can closely gather, can closely maintain, can cause them to be close and attached, therefore it is called 'co-practice as a means of gathering'. Just as the World Honored One said: 'Giving and loving speech, Beneficial conduct and co-practice, As appropriate, speak everywhere, Universally gathering all worlds. If these four means of gathering, Were not in the world, Children would not desire To be filial to their parents. Because there are means of gathering, those with Dharma follow and transform, Therefore, those who attain great substance, Observe benefit and establish accordingly.' The four kinds of birth are: 1. Oviparous (born from eggs); 2. Viviparous (born from the womb); 3. Moisture-born; 4. Metamorphic (born through transformation). What is oviparous birth? The answer is: if various sentient beings are born from eggs, that is, being wrapped in the eggshell first, and then breaking the eggshell to be born. What is this like? Such as geese, swans, peacocks, mynas, parrots, spring parrots, lihuang birds, jībō birds, and so on, as well as a type of dragon, a type of Garuda (a mythical bird), and a type of human. Furthermore, other types of sentient beings are born from eggs, that is, being wrapped in the eggshell first, and then breaking the eggshell to be born, all are called oviparous. What is viviparous birth? The answer is: if various sentient beings are born from the womb, that is, being wrapped in the womb first, and then breaking the womb to be born. What is this like? Such as elephants, horses, camels, cattle, donkeys, sheep, deer, water buffaloes, pigs, and so on, as well as a type of dragon, a type of Garuda, a type of ghost, and a type of human. Furthermore, other types of sentient beings are born from the womb, that is, being wrapped in the womb first, and then breaking the womb to be born, all are called viviparous. What is moisture-born? The answer is: if various sentient beings transform through warmth, transform through moisture, transform through aggregation, or rely on dung heaps, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
或依注道、或依秽厕、或依腐肉、或依陈粥、或依丛草、或依稠林、或依草庵、或依叶窟、或依池沼、或依陂湖、或依江河、或依大海润湿地等方得出生。此复云何？如蟋蟀飞蛾、蚊虻蠓蚋、麻生虫等，及一类龙、一类妙翅并一类人。复有所余诸有情类展转温暖，广说乃至或依大海润湿地等方得生者，皆名湿生。云何化生？答：若诸有情支分具足根不缺减，无所依托欻尔而生。此复云何？谓一切天、一切地狱、一切中有，及一分龙、一分妙翅、一分鬼、一分人。复有所余诸有情类，支分具足根不缺减，无所依托欻尔生者，皆名化生。 四得自体者，一、有得自体唯可自害非可他害；二、有得自体唯可他害非可自害；三、有得自体自他俱可害；四、有得自体自他俱不可害。云何有得自体唯可自害非可他害？答：若诸有情自有势力能断自命，他无势力能断其命。此复云何？谓有欲界戏忘念天，或时游戏最极娱乐，经于多时身疲念失，由此缘故则便命终。复有欲界意愤恚天，或时忿怒最极愤懑，角眼相视经于多时，由此缘故则便殒没。复有所余诸有情类，自有势力能断自命，他无势力能断其命，是名有得自体唯可自害非可他害。云何有得自体唯可他害非可自害？答：若诸有情自无势力能断自命，他有势力能断其命。此 现代汉语译本 或者依靠粪便堆积之处、或者依靠肮脏的厕所、或者依靠腐烂的肉、或者依靠陈旧的粥、或者依靠丛生的草、或者依靠茂密的树林、或者依靠简陋的草庵、或者依靠树叶形成的洞穴、或者依靠池塘、或者依靠水边洼地、或者依靠江河、或者依靠大海等潮湿的地方才能出生。这又是指什么呢？比如蟋蟀、飞蛾、蚊子、小飞虫、麻生虫等，以及一部分龙、一部分妙翅鸟（Garuda，一种神鸟）和一部分人。还有其他一些有情众生，通过互相之间的温暖，广泛地说，乃至依靠大海等潮湿的地方才能出生的，都叫做湿生。什么是化生？回答：如果各种有情众生肢体完整、根（感官）没有残缺，不需要依靠任何东西突然出现而生。这又是指什么呢？指所有的天人、所有的地狱众生、所有的中阴身，以及一部分龙、一部分妙翅鸟、一部分鬼、一部分人。还有其他一些有情众生，肢体完整、根没有残缺，不需要依靠任何东西突然出现而生的，都叫做化生。 四种获得自身的方式：第一种，获得自身后只能自己伤害自己，不能被他人伤害；第二种，获得自身后只能被他人伤害，不能自己伤害自己；第三种，获得自身后自己和他人都可以伤害；第四种，获得自身后自己和他人都不可以伤害。什么叫做获得自身后只能自己伤害自己，不能被他人伤害？回答：如果各种有情众生自己有能力断绝自己的生命，他人没有能力断绝他们的生命。这又是指什么呢？指欲界的戏忘念天（Devas of Playful Forgetfulness），他们有时玩乐，极度娱乐，经过很长时间身体疲惫，失去正念，因为这个缘故就死亡了。还有欲界的意愤恚天（Devas of Mental Anger），他们有时愤怒，极度愤懑，用眼睛互相瞪视很长时间，因为这个缘故就死亡了。还有其他一些有情众生，自己有能力断绝自己的生命，他人没有能力断绝他们的生命，这就叫做获得自身后只能自己伤害自己，不能被他人伤害。什么叫做获得自身后只能被他人伤害，不能自己伤害自己？回答：如果各种有情众生自己没有能力断绝自己的生命，他人有能力断绝他们的生命。