English
English version Knee-wisdom Pudgala (Person of Knee-Wisdom). Question: Why is it called Knee-wisdom Pudgala? Answer: This person has such wisdom that while on the Dharma seat, regarding the beginning, middle, and end of the Dharma being taught, whatever they wish to know, they can know because they have wisdom; but this person has such wisdom that after rising from the seat, regarding the beginning, middle, and end of the Dharma being taught, although they wish to understand it all, they cannot understand it all because they lack wisdom. They receive it earlier but forget it later, hence the name Knee-wisdom Pudgala. What is a Broad-wisdom Pudgala (Person of Broad-Wisdom)? Answer: As the World Honored One said: 'Bhikkhus, you should know that in the world there is a type of person who sits before a Bhikkhu to listen to the Dharma, and the Bhikkhu, out of compassion, explains the essentials of the Dharma, revealing the goodness of the beginning, the goodness of the middle, and the goodness of the end, with skillful words and meanings, purely and completely, with pure Brahma-conduct.' This person, while on the Dharma seat, can know the beginning, middle, and end of the Dharma being taught, and after rising from the seat, can also understand the beginning, middle, and end of the Dharma being taught, and can also well understand the meaning of what was said. 'Like a Kshatriya (warrior) woman, or a Brahmin (priest) woman, or a Elder (wealthy person) woman, or a Upasika (lay follower) woman, who bathes with clear water, anoints her body with fragrant scents, combs and trims her hair and nails, adorns her eyebrows and face, wears fresh and clean clothes, puts on various necklaces, and adorns herself with rings, bracelets, and the like, lacking only a garland of flowers to crown her head. There are venerable ones holding beautiful garlands of flowers, such as Utpala (blue lotus), Champaka (magnolia), etc., and they give them to the women according to their preferences. At that time, these women rejoice and leap for joy, respectfully receive and place the garlands on their heads, deeply cherish and play with them, and never lose them.' Such a type of person, who sits before a Bhikkhu to listen to the Dharma, and is even able to well understand the meaning of what was said, is called a Broad-wisdom Pudgala. Question: Why is it called Broad-wisdom Pudgala? Answer: This person has such wisdom that while on the Dharma seat, regarding the beginning, middle, and end of the Dharma being taught, whatever they wish to know, they can know because they have wisdom. This person has such wisdom that after rising from the seat, regarding the beginning, middle, and end of the Dharma being taught, whatever they wish to understand, they can also understand because they have wisdom, and can also well understand the meaning of what was said, hence the name Broad-wisdom Pudgala. As the World Honored One said: 'Covered wisdom is not clever, Although one often hears the Dharma, Without wisdom, one cannot understand, Like pouring... -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 覆瓶器。 膝慧胜于前， 坐听虽能了， 而起已皆忘， 如遗膝上食。 广慧最为胜， 在法座若起， 于文义俱了， 如女冠花鬘； 具持念辩才， 乐修净业染， 断憍慢放逸， 能舍诸恶趣。”
Chinese
三上座者，谓生年上座、世俗上座、法性上座。云何生年上座？答：诸有生年尊长耆旧，是谓生年上座。云何世俗上座？答：如有知法富贵长者共立制言：诸有知法、大财大位、大族大力、大眷属大徒众胜我等者，我等皆应推为上座，供养恭敬尊重赞叹。由此因缘，虽年二十或二十五，若能知法、得大财位大族大力、有大眷属大徒众者，皆应和合推为上座，供养恭敬尊重赞叹。如诸国土城邑王都，其有多闻妙解算数辩才书印，或随一一工巧业处胜余人者，皆共和合推为上座，供养恭敬尊重赞叹。如商侣中有多财者，众人和合推为上座，供养恭敬尊重赞叹。如得为王或大臣等，众人皆共供养恭敬尊重赞叹。如难陀王长发王种欲兴战争，召马胜王刹帝利种，重赐财宝，令其示现种种技能。知彼胜已告大臣曰：“封主当知，吾欲敬礼刹帝利种马胜王足。”大臣白言：“天不应礼刹帝利种马胜王足。所以者何？彼是臣佐，君不应礼臣佐之足。”如是等事有无量种，今此意说长发王种难陀王时世 现代汉语译本： 覆瓶器： 膝慧不如广慧，坐在那里听讲，虽然当时明白了，但站起来就全忘了，就像遗落在膝盖上的食物一样。 广慧最为殊胜，如果从法座上起身，对于经文和义理都通达明了，就像女子头上的花环一样。 具备持戒、念诵、辩才，乐于修习清净的行业，断除骄慢和放逸，能够舍弃各种恶趣。 三上座指的是：生年上座、世俗上座、法性上座。什么是生年上座？回答：那些年龄大、德高望重的人，就是生年上座。什么是世俗上座？回答：如果一些懂得佛法、富有且有地位的长者共同制定规则：凡是懂得佛法、拥有巨大财富和地位、出身高贵、有权势、拥有众多眷属和追随者，胜过我们的人，我们都应该推举他为上座，供养、恭敬、尊重和赞叹。因为这个原因，即使年龄只有二十岁或二十五岁，如果他能懂得佛法、拥有巨大财富和地位、出身高贵、有权势、拥有众多眷属和追随者，大家都应该共同推举他为上座，供养、恭敬、尊重和赞叹。例如，在各个国家、城市和王都，那些博学多闻、精通算术、有辩才、擅长书写和印章，或者在任何一种工艺技能方面胜过他人的人，大家都会共同推举他为上座，供养、恭敬、尊重和赞叹。例如，在商人团体中，如果有人非常富有，大家会共同推举他为上座，供养、恭敬、尊重和赞叹。例如，如果有人当上了国王或大臣等，大家都会共同供养、恭敬、尊重和赞叹。例如，难陀王（Nanda，人名）长发王种（长发王种，种族名）想要发动战争，召见了马胜王（Asvajit，人名）刹帝利种（刹帝利种，种族名），重赏他财宝，让他展示各种技能。得知他技艺高超后，告诉大臣说：‘封主应该知道，我想要敬礼刹帝利种马胜王的脚。’大臣回答说：‘大王不应该敬礼刹帝利种马胜王的脚。为什么呢？因为他是您的臣子，君王不应该敬礼臣子的脚。’像这样的事情有无数种，现在这里只是举例说明长发王种难陀王时代的世俗情况。
English
English version: The Overturned Vase: Knee-wisdom is inferior to broad wisdom. Sitting and listening, one may understand at the time, but upon rising, all is forgotten, like food left on one's lap. Broad wisdom is most excellent. If one rises from the Dharma seat, one understands both the text and its meaning, like a garland of flowers on a woman's crown. Possessing the virtues of upholding precepts, mindfulness, and eloquence, delighting in cultivating pure karma, cutting off pride and negligence, one can abandon all evil destinies. The three elders refer to: elder by age, elder by worldly status, and elder by Dharma nature. What is an elder by age? The answer is: those who are advanced in age and highly respected are called elders by age. What is an elder by worldly status? The answer is: if some elders who understand the Dharma, are wealthy, and have high status jointly establish a rule: whoever understands the Dharma, possesses great wealth and status, is of noble birth, has power, and has many relatives and followers, surpassing us, we should all elect him as an elder, offering him offerings, respect, reverence, and praise. For this reason, even if he is only twenty or twenty-five years old, if he can understand the Dharma, possess great wealth and status, is of noble birth, has power, and has many relatives and followers, everyone should jointly elect him as an elder, offering him offerings, respect, reverence, and praise. For example, in various countries, cities, and royal capitals, those who are learned and knowledgeable, proficient in arithmetic, eloquent, skilled in writing and seals, or surpass others in any craft or skill, everyone will jointly elect him as an elder, offering him offerings, respect, reverence, and praise. For example, in a group of merchants, if someone is very wealthy, everyone will jointly elect him as an elder, offering him offerings, respect, reverence, and praise. For example, if someone becomes a king or a minister, everyone will offer him offerings, respect, reverence, and praise. For example, King Nanda (Nanda, personal name) of the Long-Haired Clan (长发王种, clan name) wanted to start a war and summoned King Asvajit (Asvajit, personal name) of the Kshatriya Clan (刹帝利种, clan name), rewarding him with treasures and having him display various skills. Knowing that he was highly skilled, he told his ministers, 'The ruler should know that I want to pay homage to the feet of King Asvajit of the Kshatriya Clan.' The minister replied, 'Your Majesty should not pay homage to the feet of King Asvajit of the Kshatriya Clan. Why? Because he is your subject, and a king should not pay homage to the feet of his subject.' There are countless such examples, but this is just an illustration of the worldly situation during the time of King Nanda of the Long-Haired Clan. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
俗上座。云何法性上座？答：诸受具戒耆旧长宿是谓法性上座。有说此亦是生年上座。所以者何？佛说出家受具足戒名真生故。若有苾刍得阿罗汉，诸漏永尽、已作所作、已办所办、弃诸重担逮得己利、尽诸有结正智解脱、心善自在，此中意说如是名为法性上座。如世尊说上座颂言： “心掉多绮语， 染意乱思惟， 虽久隐园林， 而非真上座； 具戒智正念， 寂静心解脱， 彼于法能观， 是名真上座。” 三聚者，谓邪性定聚、正性定聚、不定聚。云何邪性定聚？答：五无间业。云何正性定聚？答：学无学法。云何不定聚？答：除五无间业，余有漏法及无为。 三举罪事者，谓见举罪事、闻举罪事、疑举罪事。见举罪事者，云何见、云何举罪、云何事而说见举罪事耶？答：见谓见有苾刍故思断生命、不与物而取、行非梵行淫欲法、正知而说虚诳语、故思出不净、非时食、饮诸酒、自手掘地、坏生草木、歌舞作乐冠饰花鬘放逸纵荡，是名为见举罪。谓五种举罪：一者觉察举罪；二者忆念举罪；三者应告羯磨举罪；四者布洒他时安立举罪；五者于恣举时安立举罪。云何觉察举罪？答：谓有觉察。他苾刍言：“具寿已犯如是如是罪，应发露勿覆藏，发露则安隐、不发露罪益深。”是名 现代汉语译本 俗上座（长老）。什么是法性上座（具有法性的长老）？回答：所有受过具足戒、年长且德高望重的比丘，这被称为法性上座。有人说这也是生年上座（按年龄计算的长老）。为什么这么说呢？因为佛陀说过，出家受具足戒才算是真正的出生。如果有一位比丘证得阿罗汉果，诸种烦恼永远断尽，该做的已做完，该办的已办妥，舍弃了所有重担，获得了自身的利益，断尽了所有束缚，以正确的智慧获得解脱，内心完全自在，这里的意思是说，这样的人才被称为法性上座。正如世尊所说的上座偈颂： ‘心怀散乱多绮语，染着欲望乱思绪，纵然长久隐居山林，也不是真正的上座；具备戒律智慧和正念，内心寂静获得解脱，他能如实观察佛法，这才是真正的上座。’ 三聚（三类众生）是指邪性定聚（必定堕落者）、正性定聚（必定证悟者）和不定聚（不确定者）。什么是邪性定聚？回答：五无间业（五种极重的罪业）。什么是正性定聚？回答：有学法和无学法（修行者和已证悟者所修之法）。什么是不定聚？回答：除了五无间业之外，其余的有漏法（有烦恼的法）以及无为法（无为造作的法）。 三种举罪事（三种可以提出指控的情况）是指见举罪事（亲眼所见而提出指控）、闻举罪事（听闻而提出指控）和疑举罪事（根据怀疑而提出指控）。见举罪事是指，什么是‘见’，什么是‘举罪’，什么是‘事’，从而被称为‘见举罪事’呢？回答：‘见’是指见到有比丘故意思考杀害生命、不给予就拿取财物、行非清净的性行为、明知而说虚假的谎言、故意排出不净之物、非时食用食物、饮用各种酒类、亲手挖掘土地、毁坏生长的草木、唱歌跳舞作乐以及佩戴花鬘放纵自己。这被称为‘见举罪’。‘举罪’是指五种举罪方式：第一种是觉察举罪（通过观察发现而提出指控）；第二种是忆念举罪（通过回忆起过往之事而提出指控）；第三种是应告羯磨举罪（通过羯磨仪式宣告罪行）；第四种是布洒他时安立举罪（在布萨日之外的其他时间进行指控）；第五种是在恣举时安立举罪（在僧众自恣日进行指控）。什么是觉察举罪？回答：是指有所觉察。其他比丘对比丘说：‘具寿（对出家人的尊称），您已经犯了如此如此的罪行，应该坦白发露，不要隐瞒，坦白发露就能得到安宁，不坦白发露罪过会更加深重。’这被称为觉察举罪。