Chinese
界内同, 清净者秉法, 无障羯磨善, 谓近圆五因。 如毗婆沙说, 十种得近圆; 世尊一切智, 是名自觉受。 憍陈如上首, 得定道五人; 贤部诸净心, 彼悉从归得。 法与由使得, 善来成苾刍; 大姓迦摄波, 无由敬师得。 童子邬陀夷, 善能为问答; 称可大师意, 佛言成近圆。 中国满十人; 边方数充五, 或复过于此, 秉须知法人。 又因乔答弥, 大世主请佛; 为说八敬法, 斯名得近圆。 除八余若受, 皆白四羯磨; 依前之所说, 受具并皆听。 才受近圆已, 应告五时差; 冬春雨终长, 量影依人数。 冬四九月半, 乃至正月半; 春四从正半, 乃至五月半; 雨一从五半, 乃至六月半; 终时唯日夜, 六月十六日; 十七旦长时, 乃至九月半; 三月少一日, 此谓五时差。 终时进近圆, 同夏中最小; 长时旦若受, 同夏则为尊。 受具从苾刍, 半月请教授; 近苾刍夏坐, 随意二众中。 不骂于苾刍, 不诘其破戒; 若犯僧残罪, 两众行半月。 尼具虽百年, 苾刍新受戒, 殷勤应致礼, 现代汉语译本: 在僧团内部,秉持清净戒律的人遵循佛法,没有业障的羯磨(Karma,行为、业力)是善的,这被称为获得近圆戒(Upasampadā,比丘戒)的五个原因。 正如《毗婆沙论》(Vibhasa,佛教论书)所说,有十种方式可以获得近圆戒: 世尊(释迦牟尼佛)以其一切智慧,是为自觉受戒(通过自身觉悟而受戒)。 以憍陈如(Kaundinya,五比丘之一)为首的五人,通过禅定和修行证得道果而受戒。 贤部(Bhadraka,人名)等具有清净心的人,他们都通过皈依佛法僧三宝而受戒。 通过佛陀的‘法与由使’(Dharma and Cause)的教导,说‘善来比丘’(Ehi Bhikkhu,欢迎成为比丘)而成为比丘。 大姓迦摄波(Kashyapa,人名),没有通过尊敬师长的方式而受戒(而是通过佛陀的特殊方式)。 童子邬陀夷(Udayi,人名),善于提问和回答问题,他的回答符合佛陀的心意,佛陀认可他获得近圆戒。 在中国,受戒需要满十人;在边远地区,人数达到五人即可,或者超过这个人数,都需要秉持戒律、了解戒法的人。 此外,因为乔答弥(Gautami,人名,佛陀的姨母)——大世主(Mahapajapati,人名)请求佛陀,为她说八敬法(Eight Garudhammas),这也被认为是一种获得近圆戒的方式。 除了以上八种方式,其余的受戒都需要通过白四羯磨(Jnapti-caturtha-karma,一种僧团仪式)进行。按照前面所说的,受具足戒(Upasampada,比丘戒)都要听从指导。 刚刚受完近圆戒后,应该告知五种时节的差异:冬、春、雨期结束和长时(指雨季后的时间),通过测量影子来确定时间,依据人数来计算。 冬天是四个九月半(从九月十五日)到正月半(正月十五日);春天是四个从正月半到五月半;雨期是一个从五月半到六月半;雨期结束只有白天和夜晚,是六月十六日; 长时是从六月十七日早上开始,到九月半;三个月少一天,这就是所谓的五时差。 在雨期结束时受近圆戒,与夏季的时间最短;如果在长时早上受戒,与夏季的时间相同,则被认为是尊贵的。 受具足戒要从比丘那里接受,每半个月请求教授;接近比丘一起安居夏坐(Vassa,雨季安居),在僧团的两种群体中(比丘和比丘尼)。 不辱骂比丘,不追问他是否破戒;如果犯了僧残罪(Sanghavasesa,仅次于波罗夷的重罪),需要在两个僧团中进行半个月的忏悔。 即使比丘尼受戒百年,新受戒的比丘也应该殷勤地向她致敬。
English
English version: Within the Sangha (community), those who uphold pure precepts follow the Dharma (teachings), and good Karma (actions) without obstacles is considered the five causes for attaining Upasampadā (full ordination). As stated in the Vibhasa (a Buddhist commentary), there are ten ways to attain Upasampadā: The World-Honored One (Shakyamuni Buddha), with his all-encompassing wisdom, is named self-awakened ordination (receiving ordination through one's own enlightenment). The five individuals led by Kaundinya (one of the first five disciples), attained ordination through Samadhi (meditative absorption) and the realization of the path. Individuals with pure minds, such as Bhadraka (a person's name), all attained ordination through taking refuge in the Triple Gem (Buddha, Dharma, and Sangha). Through the Buddha's teaching of 'Dharma and Cause,' becoming a Bhikkhu (monk) by saying 'Ehi Bhikkhu' (Welcome, Bhikkhu). Kashyapa (a person's name) of noble lineage, did not attain ordination through respecting a teacher (but through a special way by the Buddha). The youth Udayi (a person's name), was skilled in asking and answering questions, and his answers aligned with the Buddha's intention, so the Buddha acknowledged his attainment of Upasampadā. In China, full ordination requires ten individuals; in remote areas, five individuals are sufficient, or more than that, all of whom must uphold the precepts and understand the Vinaya (monastic rules). Furthermore, because Gautami (the Buddha's aunt) – Mahapajapati (a person's name) requested the Buddha to explain the Eight Garudhammas (Eight weighty rules), this is also considered a way to attain Upasampadā. Apart from the above eight methods, all other ordinations require Jnapti-caturtha-karma (a Sangha ritual). According to what was said earlier, receiving full ordination requires following guidance. Immediately after receiving Upasampadā, one should be informed of the five seasonal differences: winter, spring, the end of the rainy season, and the long period (after the rainy season), determining the time by measuring shadows and calculating based on the number of people. Winter is four and a half months (from the 15th of the ninth month) to the 15th of the first month; spring is four months from the 15th of the first month to the 15th of the fifth month; the rainy season is one month from the 15th of the fifth month to the 15th of the sixth month; The end of the rainy season is only day and night, the 16th of the sixth month; the long period is from the morning of the 17th of the sixth month to the 15th of the ninth month; three months less one day, this is called the five seasonal differences. Receiving Upasampadā at the end of the rainy season is the shortest time, like summer; if receiving ordination in the morning during the long period, it is the same as summer and is considered venerable. Receiving full ordination is from a Bhikkhu, requesting instruction every half month; approaching a Bhikkhu to dwell together during Vassa (rainy season retreat), in the two groups of the Sangha (Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis). Do not insult a Bhikkhu, do not question his violation of precepts; if one commits a Sanghavasesa (an offense requiring initial and subsequent meetings of the Sangha), one must practice repentance for half a month in both Sanghas. Even if a Bhikkhuni has been ordained for a hundred years, a newly ordained Bhikkhu should respectfully pay homage to her.
Chinese
是名八敬法。 女作男子状, 丈夫为女形, 俗人及黄门, 不应作亲教。 贼及形残等, 虽是善应遮; 授彼近圆时, 众僧皆获罪。 不乐非圆具, 及不了生年; 形貌善观瞻, 睹相猜其岁。 不满二十年, 授与圆具戒; 明智计令满, 应数胎闰月。 如其数胎等, 不满二十年, 应置求寂中, 此非成受具。 或经一二岁, 方忆知年减; 足前年若满, 斯名善近圆。 若人闻白竟, 其耳忽然聋; 此亦名善受, 佛许开无过。 正受近圆时, 男形转为女; 此名为受具, 应置在尼中。 若邬波驮耶, 闻白已形变; 此不名受具, 秉法者无愆。 受戒人在地, 秉法者居空; 二界体既殊, 不名为受具。 轮王养太子, 宗胤得兴隆; 护求寂亦然, 令圣教增长。 如师遣求寂, 有事登高树; 坠堕伤支体, 由斯圣教遮。 是故佛教中, 出家悲作本; 虽七岁亦听, 要解驱乌事。 若出家受具, 无钵便不许; 仙器终须有, 斯为乞食因。 如上座近喜, 求寂饥无钵; 临至于食时, 从他求食器。 借他衣钵等, 与出 现代汉语译本 这就是所谓的八敬法(Asta-garu-dharma)。 如果女人呈现男人的形态,或者男人呈现女人的形态, 以及俗人和黄门(eunuch),都不应该作为亲教师(Upadhyaya)。 盗贼和身体残缺的人等,即使是善良的也应该禁止; 如果在授予他们近圆戒(Upasampada)时,僧众都会获罪。 不喜欢或者不了解圆具戒(Upasampada),以及不清楚出生年份; 如果形貌美好,观察者会猜测他的年龄。 如果未满二十岁,就授予圆具戒; 应该用明智的方法计算令其满足二十岁,应该数胎月和闰月。 如果计算胎月等,仍然不满二十岁, 应该安置在求寂(Sramanera)的地位,这不是成就受具足戒(Upasampada)。 或者经过一两年,才回忆起知道年龄减少; 如果加上之前的年份足够,这被称为善近圆。 如果有人在白告(Karma-vacana)结束后,耳朵忽然聋了; 这也称为善受戒,佛允许开许没有过失。 正在接受近圆戒时,男人的形态转变为女人; 这被称为受具足戒,应该安置在比丘尼僧团中。 如果邬波驮耶(Upadhyaya)在听完白告后形态改变; 这不称为受具足戒,秉持戒律者没有罪过。 受戒人在地上,秉持戒律者在空中; 两个世界的体性既然不同,不称为受具足戒。 轮王(Chakravarti)养育太子,宗族血脉得以兴隆; 守护求寂也是这样,使圣教增长。 如果师父派遣求寂,有事需要登上高树; 坠落受伤,因此圣教禁止。 因此佛教中,出家以悲心为根本; 即使七岁也允许,只要懂得驱赶乌鸦。 如果出家受具足戒,没有钵(Patra)便不允许; 仙人的器具最终必须有,这是乞食的原因。 如同上座(Sthavira)的近喜(Antika),求寂饥饿没有钵; 临近吃饭时,向他人请求食器。 借用他人的衣钵等,给予出家人。
English
English version These are called the Eight Respectful Dharmas (Asta-garu-dharma). If a woman appears in the form of a man, or a man appears in the form of a woman, and laypersons and eunuchs should not act as preceptors (Upadhyaya). Thieves and those with physical disabilities, even if they are virtuous, should be prohibited; if they are given the Upasampada ordination, the Sangha will be at fault. Those who dislike or do not understand the Upasampada ordination, and those who do not know their birth year; if their appearance is pleasing, observers will guess their age. If they are under twenty years old, they should not be given the Upasampada ordination; one should use wisdom to calculate and make them reach twenty years old, counting the months of pregnancy and intercalary months. If, after counting the months of pregnancy, they are still under twenty years old, they should be placed in the position of a Sramanera, this is not considered a successful Upasampada ordination. Or after one or two years, they remember that their age was less; if adding the previous years is sufficient, this is called a good Upasampada. If someone suddenly becomes deaf after the Karma-vacana is finished; this is also called a good ordination, the Buddha allows it without fault. While receiving the Upasampada ordination, a man's form transforms into a woman; this is called receiving the full ordination, and they should be placed in the Bhikkhuni Sangha. If the Upadhyaya changes form after hearing the Karma-vacana; this is not called a full ordination, and the one upholding the Dharma has no fault. The one receiving ordination is on the ground, and the one upholding the Dharma is in the air; since the nature of the two realms is different, it is not called a full ordination. A Chakravarti (wheel-turning king) raises a crown prince, and the lineage prospers; protecting a Sramanera is also like this, causing the Holy Dharma to grow. If the teacher sends a Sramanera to climb a tall tree for some matter; falling and getting injured, the Holy Dharma prohibits this. Therefore, in Buddhism, renunciation is based on compassion; even seven-year-olds are allowed, as long as they know how to drive away crows. If one renounces and receives the full ordination, it is not allowed without a Patra (bowl); the implements of a renunciant must ultimately be there, this is the reason for begging for food. Like the Antika (attendant) of a Sthavira (elder), the Sramanera is hungry and has no bowl; when it is time to eat, they ask others for a bowl. Borrowing the robes and bowl of others, giving them to the renunciant.
Chinese
家受具; 勿如梵志法, 是世尊听许。 若人未受具, 不先说四依; 闻此苦难行, 梵志便归俗。 若秉一羯磨, 一界四人受; 此是僧为僧, 不名为受法。 若二若三人, 同时受圆具; 颜状虽差别, 斯无长幼殊。 随坐而受利, 不应更互礼; 若遣知事时, 随他差即作。 为余放逸者, 作怖等羯磨; 呵已正驱出, 令生厌离心。 若解三藏教, 及有大名称; 能生广大福, 驱遣不应为。 由此邪群鹿, 怖于师子儿; 能生俗净心, 如大师住世。 此住有光显, 犹若大牛王; 于彼行呵责, 能亏于佛教。 四重秽行显, 邪执守愚心; 作所不应为, 世俗咸讥议。 污家生斗诤, 如是破戒人, 大众共鸣稚, 齐心急驱摈。 抱柱即宜截, 门框亦复斩; 劝化应修理, 或可用僧祇。 调弄苾刍像, 由此不应留; 殷勤共驱逐, 不应生斗诤。 已说如死尸, 全无共住义; 众僧共驱摈, 除斯垢秽人。 尼不应为礼, 但可致虔恭; 近事不交言, 乞食时应与。 触妒病生半, 名五半宅家; 为诸不了者, 略言其相状。 现代汉语译本 关于受具足戒: 不要像婆罗门那样做,这是世尊允许的。 如果有人尚未受具足戒,不要先告诉他四依(四种依靠:粪扫衣、乞食、树下坐、腐烂药); 听到这些苦行,婆罗门就会还俗。 如果只用一个羯磨(僧团的议事程序),在一个结界内四个人受戒; 这是僧人为僧人受戒,不称为受法。 如果两到三个人,同时受圆满戒; 即使容貌有差别,也没有长幼之分。 按照座位顺序接受利益,不应该互相礼拜; 如果派遣知事(负责僧团事务的人)的时候,应该随他安排立即去做。 为了那些放逸的人,进行怖畏等羯磨; 呵斥之后就驱逐出去,令他们生起厌离之心。 如果通晓三藏教义,并且有很大的名声; 能够产生广大的福德,不应该驱逐。 因为这些邪恶的群鹿,害怕师子(狮子)的幼崽; 能够使世俗之人产生清净心,就像大师(佛陀)住世一样。 这种住持具有光辉,就像大牛王一样; 对他们进行呵责,会损害佛教。 四重罪(杀、盗、淫、妄)的污秽行为显现,邪恶的执着守护着愚痴的心; 做不应该做的事情,世俗之人都会讥讽议论。 玷污僧团,产生争斗,像这样的破戒之人, 大众一起鸣椎(敲击木槌),齐心协力地驱逐。 抱着的柱子应该截断,门框也要砍掉; 劝募化来的财物应该修理,或者可以供僧团使用。 调戏比丘尼的画像,因此不应该留下; 殷勤地一起驱逐,不应该产生争斗。 已经说了像死尸一样,完全没有共同居住的意义; 众僧一起驱逐,除去这些污垢之人。 比丘尼不应该对比丘礼拜,但可以表达虔诚恭敬; 不要和优婆塞(近事男)优婆夷(近事女)交谈,乞食的时候应该给予。 触犯妒忌,疾病产生一半,称为五半宅家; 为了那些不了解的人,简略地说说它的相状。