English
English version: Punishing those who should be punished, and rewarding those who should be rewarded. Furthermore, these ministers, in the grand assembly, interrupt before the discussion is finished, showing neither respect nor fear, and offer unsolicited advice. They fail to act according to the law, fail to properly uphold it, and fail to correctly abide by the teachings and commands left by the former kings. Such behavior is called disobeying the laws established by the former kings. 'What is called a king who disregards good Dharma? It means that some kings do not believe in cause and effect, do not understand the karmic consequences of good and bad deeds, or the rewards of humans and gods. They create three kinds of evil actions through body, speech, and mind according to their desires. They fail to give alms in due time, cultivate merit, observe fasting, learn precepts, and receive the empowerment of Dharani (Dharani) practices. They do not generate widespread compassion with the Four Immeasurables (catvāri apramāṇāni). Such a king is called one who disregards good Dharma.' 'What is called a king who cannot discern right from wrong, superiority from inferiority? It means that some kings are confused in their judgment of ministers, advisors, and officials, and cannot properly understand the differences between loyalty, skill, and wisdom. Because they do not understand, they think those who are not loyal are loyal; they think those who have no skill have skill; they think those who have evil wisdom have good wisdom; they think those who have good wisdom have evil wisdom. Furthermore, they know that some ministers are old and frail, having served closely for a long time, and that they have no power, so they do not respect or love them; they do not grant them titles or stipends, nor do they reward their merits; they ignore them when they are bullied by others. Such a king is called one who cannot discern right from wrong, superiority from inferiority.' 'What is called a king who is always indulgent and solely practices dissipation? It means that some emperors are always immersed in the wonderful Five Desires (pañca kāmaguṇāḥ), indulging in play and amusement, and cannot constantly remind themselves to be cautious, cannot expediently handle affairs, cannot do what should be done, and cannot comfort their ministers. Such a king is called one who is always indulgent and solely practices dissipation.' 'If a king possesses these ten faults, even if he has great treasuries, great advisors, and great armies, the borders of his kingdom will soon naturally experience disasters and turmoil, and he will not be able to rely on them. Great King, you should know these ten faults: the first is a fault of the king's lineage, and the other nine are faults of the king's own nature.' 'What are called the merits of a king? Great King, the merits of a king are roughly...' --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
十种：一、种姓尊高，二、得大自在，三、性不暴恶，四、愤发轻微，五、恩惠猛利，六、受正直言，七、所作谛思，善顺先教，八、顾恋善法，九、善知差别，十、不自纵荡，不行放逸。 “云何名王种姓尊高？谓有国王，宿植善根，以大愿力故生王族，绍继国位，恩养万姓，净信三宝，如是名王种姓尊高。 “云何名王得大自在？谓有帝王，自随所欲，于妙五欲欢娱游戏，所应赏赐随意而作，于百僚等所出教命宣布无滞，如是名王得大自在。 “云何名王性不暴恶？谓有国王见诸群臣虽违少小愆犯等事，而能容忍不即贬黜，不发粗言，亦不对面愤发，亦不内意秘匿，如是名王性不暴恶。 “云何名王愤发轻微？谓有国王，诸群臣等虽有大愆、有大违越，而不一切削其封禄、夺其妻妾，不以重法而刑罚之，随过轻重而行矜降，如是名王愤发轻微。 “云何名王恩惠猛利？谓有国王，有诸群臣、亲近侍卫，其心清白、其心调顺，王即时时以正圆满软言慰喻，颁锡勋庸，而不令彼损耗稽留、劬劳怨恨，易可亲近，不难承事，如是名王恩惠猛利。 “云何名王受正直言？谓有国王，诸群臣等实有忠正，无浊无偏，善闲宪式，情无违叛，其王信用如是等人所进言议，由此因缘国务、财 现代汉语译本 十种：一、种姓尊高，二、得大自在，三、性不暴恶，四、愤发轻微，五、恩惠猛利，六、受正直言，七、所作谛思，善顺先教，八、顾恋善法，九、善知差别，十、不自纵荡，不行放逸。 ‘云何名王种姓尊高？’谓有国王，宿植善根，以大愿力故生王族，绍继国位，恩养万姓，净信三宝（佛、法、僧），如是名王种姓尊高。 ‘云何名王得大自在？’谓有帝王，自随所欲，于妙五欲欢娱游戏，所应赏赐随意而作，于百僚等所出教命宣布无滞，如是名王得大自在。 ‘云何名王性不暴恶？’谓有国王见诸群臣虽违少小愆犯等事，而能容忍不即贬黜，不发粗言，亦不对面愤发，亦不内意秘匿，如是名王性不暴恶。 ‘云何名王愤发轻微？’谓有国王，诸群臣等虽有大愆、有大违越，而不一切削其封禄、夺其妻妾，不以重法而刑罚之，随过轻重而行矜降，如是名王愤发轻微。 ‘云何名王恩惠猛利？’谓有国王，有诸群臣、亲近侍卫，其心清白、其心调顺，王即时时以正圆满软言慰喻，颁锡勋庸，而不令彼损耗稽留、劬劳怨恨，易可亲近，不难承事，如是名王恩惠猛利。 ‘云何名王受正直言？’谓有国王，诸群臣等实有忠正，无浊无偏，善闲宪式，情无违叛，其王信用如是等人所进言议，由此因缘国务、财
English
English version Ten qualities: 1. Noble lineage, 2. Great autonomy, 3. Non-violent nature, 4. Mild anger, 5. Strong kindness, 6. Acceptance of honest words, 7. Careful consideration of actions, obedience to previous teachings, 8. Cherishing good Dharma, 9. Good knowledge of distinctions, 10. Non-indulgence, non-negligence. 'What is meant by a king's noble lineage?' It refers to a king who, having planted good roots in previous lives, is born into a royal family due to great vows, inherits the throne, nurtures all people with kindness, and has pure faith in the Triple Gem (Buddha, Dharma, Sangha). Such a king is said to have a noble lineage. 'What is meant by a king having great autonomy?' It refers to a king who freely indulges in the exquisite five desires, bestows rewards as he pleases, and whose commands are promptly executed by all officials. Such a king is said to have great autonomy. 'What is meant by a king having a non-violent nature?' It refers to a king who, upon seeing minor offenses committed by his ministers, can tolerate them without immediate demotion, refrains from harsh words, does not show anger openly, nor harbors resentment internally. Such a king is said to have a non-violent nature. 'What is meant by a king having mild anger?' It refers to a king who, even when his ministers commit great offenses or transgressions, does not confiscate all their fiefs and wives, nor punishes them with severe laws, but rather tempers his judgment according to the severity of the offense. Such a king is said to have mild anger. 'What is meant by a king having strong kindness?' It refers to a king who, towards ministers and close attendants who are pure in heart and well-behaved, constantly consoles them with gentle and complete words, bestows honors and rewards, and does not allow them to suffer loss, delay, hardship, or resentment, making it easy to approach him and serve him. Such a king is said to have strong kindness. 'What is meant by a king accepting honest words?' It refers to a king who trusts the advice of ministers who are truly loyal and upright, without impurity or bias, well-versed in laws and regulations, and without rebellious intentions. Because of this, state affairs and wealth --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
宝悉皆成就，名称远布，黎庶咸欢，如是名王受正直言。 “云何名王所作谛思顺先王教？谓有国王，性能究察、审能简择诸群臣等，于种种务公法事中，不堪委任者而不任之，堪委任者而委任之；应赏赉者而正赏赉，应刑罚者而正刑罚；凡有所为审思审择，然后方作亦不卒暴。其王群臣等虽处朝会，终不发言间绝余论，要待言终而兴谏诤，如其王教而善奉行，如是即名顺先王教。 “云何名王顾恋善法？谓有帝王，信有因果、善不善业、人天果报，具足惭耻，而不恣情作身、语、意三种恶行，时时惠施，修福持斋，建立漫茶罗，受灌顶法，而设护摩供养圣众，四无量心常怀广济，如是名王顾恋善法。 “云何名王能鉴是非、胜之与劣？谓有国王，于诸大臣、辅相、百僚心无颠倒，能善了知忠信、技艺、智慧差别，若有若无并如实知，于其无者轻而远之，于其有者敬而爱之。又诸臣等年耆衰迈，曾于久时亲近侍卫，虽知无势、无力，然念昔恩，转怀敬爱而不轻贱，爵禄、勋庸分赏无替，如是名王能鉴是非、胜之与劣。 “云何名王不自纵荡，不行放逸？谓有国王，于妙五欲而不沉没，傲慢嬉戏而不耽着，能于时时诫慎方便，作所应作慰劳群臣，如是名王不自纵荡不行放逸。 “若王成 宝悉皆成就，名称远布，黎庶咸欢，如是名王受正直言。（一切都能圆满成就，名声远扬，百姓都感到欢喜，这样的国王才能接受正直的谏言。） ‘云何名王所作谛思顺先王教？（什么样的国王所作所为，能认真思考并遵循先王的教诲呢？）谓有国王，性能究察、审能简择诸群臣等，于种种务公法事中，不堪委任者而不任之，堪委任者而委任之；应赏赉者而正赏赉，应刑罚者而正刑罚；凡有所为审思审择，然后方作亦不卒暴。（就是说，有的国王，能够深入考察、审慎选择各位大臣，对于各种政务和法律事务中，不能胜任的就不委任，能胜任的才委任；应该奖赏的就公正地奖赏，应该惩罚的就公正地惩罚；凡是所作所为都认真思考选择，然后才行动，不仓促草率。）其王群臣等虽处朝会，终不发言间绝余论，要待言终而兴谏诤，如其王教而善奉行，如是即名顺先王教。（这样的国王，他的大臣们即使在朝廷集会，也不会随意打断别人的发言，一定要等别人说完才提出自己的意见和谏诤，并且能够很好地奉行国王的教诲，这样的国王就叫做遵循先王的教诲。） ‘云何名王顾恋善法？（什么样的国王顾念和爱好善法呢？）谓有帝王，信有因果、善不善业、人天果报，具足惭耻，而不恣情作身、语、意三种恶行，时时惠施，修福持斋，建立漫茶罗（Mandala，坛城），受灌顶法，而设护摩（Homa，护摩）供养圣众，四无量心常怀广济，如是名王顾恋善法。（就是说，有的帝王，相信有因果报应、善恶业报、人天果报，具有惭愧之心，不放纵自己的身、语、意，不做三种恶行，时常布施，修福持斋，建立坛城，接受灌顶，设置护摩供养圣众，以慈、悲、喜、舍四无量心常常怀有广大的济世之心，这样的国王就叫做顾念和爱好善法。） ‘云何名王能鉴是非、胜之与劣？（什么样的国王能够明辨是非、分辨优劣呢？）谓有国王，于诸大臣、辅相、百僚心无颠倒，能善了知忠信、技艺、智慧差别，若有若无并如实知，于其无者轻而远之，于其有者敬而爱之。（就是说，有的国王，对于各位大臣、辅佐、百官，心中没有偏颇，能够清楚地了解他们的忠诚、技艺、智慧的差别，对于有或没有这些品质都如实地了解，对于没有这些品质的人就轻视并疏远他们，对于有这些品质的人就尊敬并爱护他们。）又诸臣等年耆衰迈，曾于久时亲近侍卫，虽知无势、无力，然念昔恩，转怀敬爱而不轻贱，爵禄、勋庸分赏无替，如是名王能鉴是非、胜之与劣。（另外，对于那些年老体衰的大臣，虽然知道他们已经没有权势和能力，但因为念及他们过去长久以来的亲近侍奉之恩，反而更加敬爱他们而不轻视他们，在爵位、俸禄、功勋赏赐方面也不减少，这样的国王就叫做能够明辨是非、分辨优劣。） ‘云何名王不自纵荡，不行放逸？（什么样的国王不放纵自己，不放任懈怠呢？）谓有国王，于妙五欲而不沉没，傲慢嬉戏而不耽着，能于时时诫慎方便，作所应作慰劳群臣，如是名王不自纵荡不行放逸。（就是说，有的国王，对于美妙的五欲不沉溺其中，对于傲慢嬉戏不耽恋执着，能够时时警惕谨慎，做应该做的事情，慰劳各位大臣，这样的国王就叫做不放纵自己，不放任懈怠。） 若王成
English
Having accomplished all, his name will spread far and wide, and the people will rejoice. Such a king can receive honest words. ‘What kind of king is it who, in his actions, truly contemplates and follows the teachings of the former kings? It is said that there is a king who is able to thoroughly investigate and carefully select his ministers, and in various public and legal affairs, he does not appoint those who are incompetent, but appoints those who are competent; he justly rewards those who should be rewarded, and justly punishes those who should be punished; in all his actions, he carefully considers and chooses, and then acts without haste or recklessness. His ministers, even when in court, do not interrupt others' speeches, but wait until they have finished speaking before offering their advice and remonstrations, and they diligently follow the king's teachings. Such a king is said to follow the teachings of the former kings.’ ‘What kind of king cherishes and loves the good Dharma? It is said that there is an emperor who believes in cause and effect, good and bad karma, and the rewards of humans and gods, possesses a sense of shame, and does not indulge in the three evil deeds of body, speech, and mind. He constantly gives alms, cultivates merit, observes precepts, establishes Mandalas (Mandala, sacred geometric figure), receives initiations, performs Homa (Homa, fire ritual) to make offerings to the holy assembly, and constantly cherishes the four immeasurable minds (慈、悲、喜、舍) with a vast heart of universal salvation. Such a king is said to cherish and love the good Dharma.’ ‘What kind of king is able to discern right from wrong, and distinguish the superior from the inferior? It is said that there is a king who has no bias towards his ministers, advisors, and officials, and is able to clearly understand the differences in their loyalty, skills, and wisdom, knowing truly whether they possess these qualities or not. He despises and distances himself from those who lack these qualities, and respects and loves those who possess them. Furthermore, even though he knows that those ministers who are old and frail, and who have served him closely for a long time, are no longer powerful or capable, he remembers their past kindness and cherishes them with respect and love, without despising them, and does not reduce their ranks, emoluments, or rewards for their merits. Such a king is said to be able to discern right from wrong, and distinguish the superior from the inferior.’ ‘What kind of king does not indulge himself and does not act recklessly? It is said that there is a king who is not immersed in the five sensual pleasures, and is not addicted to arrogance and amusement, but is able to be vigilant and cautious at all times, doing what should be done and comforting his ministers. Such a king is said to not indulge himself and not act recklessly.’ If a king achieves --------------------------------------------------------------------------------