Chinese
大正藏第 14 册 No. 0524 佛为优填王说王法政论经 No. 524 佛为优填王说王法政论经 开府仪同三司特进试鸿胪卿肃国公食邑三千户赐紫赠司空谥大鉴正号大广智大兴善寺三藏沙门不空奉 诏译 尔时优填王独处空闲，静室而坐，生如是心：“我当云何知诸帝王真实过失及真实功德？我若知者，当舍其失，当修其德。谁有沙门净行者能了为我广开示？”良久思已，便作是念：“唯我世尊三界大师具一切智，定知诸王所有真实过失及真实功德。我今当往佛、世尊所请问斯义！” “故我今者来至佛所，唯愿如来为我开示。世尊！云何诸王真实过失？云何诸王真实功德？”作是请已。 尔时世尊告优填王曰：“大王！今者应当了知王之过失、王之功德、王衰损门、王可爱法及能发起王可爱之法。云何王之过失？大王当知！王过失者略有十种，王若成就如是过失，虽有大府库、有大臣佐、有大军众而不可归仰。何等为十？一、种姓不高，二、不得自在，三、立性暴恶，四、猛利愤发，五、恩惠赊薄，六、受邪佞言，七、所作不顺古先王制，八、不顾善法，九、不鉴是非、胜之与劣，十、一向纵荡，专行放逸。 “云何名王种姓不高？谓有庶臣下 现代汉语译本 《佛为优填王说王法政论经》 开府仪同三司特进试鸿胪卿肃国公食邑三千户赐紫赠司空谥大鉴正号大广智大兴善寺三藏沙门不空奉 诏译 当时，优填王（Udayana-raja，古印度国王）独自在空闲安静的房间里坐着，心中思忖：‘我应当如何才能了解各位帝王真实的过失以及真实的功德？如果我了解了这些，就应当舍弃他们的过失，修习他们的功德。哪位修行清净的沙门（sramana，佛教出家修行者）能够为我详细开示这些道理呢？’他思索良久，便这样想：‘只有我的世尊（Buddha，佛陀），三界（Trailokya，欲界、色界、无色界）的大师，具足一切智慧，一定知道各位国王所有的真实过失以及真实功德。我现在应当前往佛、世尊那里，请问这些道理！’ ‘所以我现在来到佛的住所，只希望如来（Tathagata，佛的称号之一）为我开示。世尊！什么是各位国王真实的过失？什么是各位国王真实的功德？’他这样请求。 当时，世尊告诉优填王说：‘大王！现在应当了解国王的过失、国王的功德、导致国王衰败的途径、国王应当喜爱的法，以及能够发起国王应当喜爱的法。什么是国王的过失呢？大王应当知道！国王的过失大概有十种，国王如果具备这些过失，即使有很大的府库、有大臣辅佐、有强大的军队，也不值得归附仰仗。这十种是什么呢？一是种姓不高贵，二是不够自由自主，三是天性暴虐凶恶，四是容易猛烈地发怒，五是恩惠施舍吝啬稀薄，六是听信奸邪谄媚之言，七是所作所为不遵循古代先王的制度，八是不顾及善良的法，九是不能明辨是非、分辨胜过和不如，十是一味地纵情享乐，专门行放纵逸乐之事。 ‘什么叫做国王种姓不高贵呢？是指有地位低下的臣子’
English
English version The Sutra of Royal Law and Political Treatise Spoken by the Buddha for King Udayana Translated by the Tripitaka Master Bukong of Daxingshan Temple, bearing the title of Kaifu Yitong Sansi Tejin Shi Hongluqing Su Guogong, with a fief of three thousand households, bestowed with purple robes, posthumously awarded the title of Sikong, with the posthumous title of Dajian and the honorary title of Daguangzhi, under imperial decree. At that time, King Udayana was alone in a quiet, empty room, contemplating in his mind: 'How should I come to know the real faults and real merits of all emperors and kings? If I know them, I should abandon their faults and cultivate their merits. Which sramana (sramana, Buddhist renunciate) with pure conduct can fully explain and reveal this to me?' After pondering for a long time, he thought: 'Only my World-Honored One (Buddha), the master of the three realms (Trailokya, the realm of desire, the realm of form, and the formless realm), possesses all wisdom and certainly knows all the real faults and real merits of all kings. Now I should go to the Buddha, the World-Honored One, to inquire about these principles!' 'Therefore, I have come to the Buddha's place now, only hoping that the Tathagata (Tathagata, one of the titles of the Buddha) will reveal this to me. World-Honored One! What are the real faults of all kings? What are the real merits of all kings?' He made this request. At that time, the World-Honored One said to King Udayana: 'Great King! Now you should understand the faults of a king, the merits of a king, the ways that lead to a king's decline, the laws that a king should cherish, and the laws that can give rise to what a king should cherish. What are the faults of a king? Great King should know! The faults of a king are roughly ten types. If a king possesses these faults, even if he has a large treasury, ministers to assist him, and a large army, he is not worthy of being relied upon. What are these ten? First, his lineage is not noble; second, he is not free and autonomous; third, his nature is violent and evil; fourth, he is prone to fierce anger; fifth, his grace and generosity are stingy and meager; sixth, he listens to the words of treacherous flatterers; seventh, his actions do not follow the institutions of the ancient former kings; eighth, he does not care about good laws; ninth, he cannot distinguish right from wrong, or discern superiority from inferiority; tenth, he is always indulging in pleasure and is devoted to licentious dissipation. 'What is meant by a king whose lineage is not noble? It refers to a minister of low status.' --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
类而生，非宿尊贵，纂绍王位，是名种姓不高。 “云何名王不得自在？谓有帝王被诸大臣、辅相、官僚所制，不随所欲；所作常有谏约，于妙五欲亦不如意欢娱游戏，如是名王不得自在。 “云何名王立性暴恶？谓有帝王见诸臣类或余人等犯小愆过，即便对面发粗恶言，咆勃、忿恚、颦蹙、贬黜，设不对面背彼向余，而作于前黜骂等事；或不长时瞋恚，或于长时不舍。如是对面暴恶、背面暴恶，是名帝王立性暴恶。 “云何名王猛利愤发？谓有国王见诸群臣有小愆过，有少违越，便削封禄，夺去妻妾，即以重法而刑罚之，如是名王猛利愤发。 “云何名王恩惠赊薄？谓有国王，诸群臣等亲近侍卫，虽极清白善称其心，而以微劣软言慰喻，其颁赐爵禄、酬赏、勋庸，不能圆满，不顺常式；或损耗已，或稽留已，然后方与，如是名王恩惠赊薄。 “云何名王受邪佞言？若有帝王见诸群臣实非忠政，不闲宪式，潜谋辅佐，佞心偏党，不修善政，姤嫉良贤。信用如是等人所进言议，由此因缘王务、财宝、名称、善政并皆衰损，如是名王受邪佞言。 “云何名王不顺先王所制？谓有国王不能究察，不审简择诸群臣等，于种种务国法事中，不堪委任而委任之，堪委任者不委任之，应赏赉者 现代汉语译本 ‘什么是出身不高贵？就是说，虽然是同类所生，但并非天生尊贵，也不是继承王位，这叫做出身不高贵。’ ‘什么叫做君王不得自在？就是说，有的帝王被大臣、辅相、官僚所控制，不能随心所欲；所做的事情常常受到劝谏约束，对于美妙的五欲也不能如意地欢娱游戏，这样的君王叫做不得自在。’ ‘什么叫做君王天性暴虐？就是说，有的帝王看到臣子或其他人犯了小小的过错，就当面说粗暴恶劣的话，咆哮、愤怒、皱眉、贬斥，即使不当面，也会背后向其他人说，做贬低谩骂的事情；或者长时间生气，或者长时间不消气。这样当面暴虐、背后暴虐，这样的帝王叫做天性暴虐。’ ‘什么叫做君王容易愤怒？就是说，有的国王看到臣子有小的过错，有稍微违背自己的意思，就削减他们的封地俸禄，夺走他们的妻妾，用严厉的刑法来惩罚他们，这样的君王叫做容易愤怒。’ ‘什么叫做君王恩惠吝啬？就是说，有的国王，对于那些亲近侍卫的臣子，即使他们非常清白，善于揣摩自己的心意，也只是用微弱的言语安慰他们，对于颁赐爵位俸禄、酬谢功劳，不能圆满，不按照常例；或者克扣减少，或者拖延很久，然后才给予，这样的君王叫做恩惠吝啬。’ ‘什么叫做君王听信奸佞之言？就是说，有的帝王看到臣子实际上不忠诚正直，不熟悉规章制度，暗中策划辅佐，心怀奸佞偏袒，不修善政，嫉妒贤良。信任这些人所进献的言论，因为这个原因，国家事务、财宝、名声、善政都衰败损失，这样的君王叫做听信奸佞之言。’ ‘什么叫做君王不遵循先王制定的规章制度？就是说，有的国王不能深入考察，不仔细选择臣子，对于各种国家事务，不能胜任的却委任他们，能够胜任的却不委任他们，应该赏赐的
English
English version 'What is meant by 'not born of high lineage'? It refers to being born of the same kind, but not being inherently noble or inheriting the throne. This is called 'not born of high lineage'.' 'What is meant by a 'king not being free'? It refers to a king who is controlled by ministers, advisors, and officials, unable to act as he pleases. His actions are often subject to advice and restraint, and he cannot enjoy the pleasures of the five desires as he wishes. Such a king is called 'not being free'.' 'What is meant by a 'king being inherently cruel'? It refers to a king who, upon seeing ministers or others commit minor offenses, immediately speaks harsh and evil words to their faces, roaring, raging, frowning, and demoting them. Even if not directly, he speaks behind their backs to others, engaging in belittling and scolding. He may harbor anger for a long time or never let it go. Such a king, being cruel to their faces and behind their backs, is called 'inherently cruel'.' 'What is meant by a 'king being easily angered'? It refers to a king who, upon seeing ministers commit minor offenses or slightly disobey him, reduces their fiefdoms and stipends, takes away their wives and concubines, and punishes them with severe laws. Such a king is called 'easily angered'.' 'What is meant by a 'king being stingy with favors'? It refers to a king who, even if ministers who are close attendants are very upright and good at understanding his intentions, only comforts them with weak words. He is not generous in bestowing titles and stipends or rewarding merits and achievements, not following the usual practice. He may deduct or delay before giving. Such a king is called 'stingy with favors'.' 'What is meant by a 'king listening to the words of flatterers'? It refers to a king who sees that ministers are not truly loyal and upright, are not familiar with regulations, secretly plot to assist, harbor flattery and partiality, do not cultivate good governance, and are jealous of the virtuous. He trusts the words presented by such people, and because of this, state affairs, treasures, reputation, and good governance all decline and are lost. Such a king is called 'listening to the words of flatterers'.' 'What is meant by a 'king not following the rules established by previous kings'? It refers to a king who cannot deeply investigate and does not carefully select ministers. He entrusts those who are not capable to various state affairs, but does not entrust those who are capable. Those who should be rewarded --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese
而刑罚之，应刑罚者而赏赉之。又此群臣处大朝会，余论未终，发言间绝，不敬不惮，而兴谏诤，不能依法而善奉行，不正能住先王教命，如是即名不顺先王所制之法。 “云何名王不顾善法？谓有国王不信因果，不悟当来善不善业、人天果报，随情造作身、语、意业三种恶行，不能以时惠施、修福、持斋、学戒、受陀罗尼业灌顶法门，于四无量心不兴广济，如是名王不顾善法。 “云何名王不鉴是非、胜之与劣？谓有国王于诸大臣、辅相、官僚，用心颠倒，不善了知忠信、技艺、智慧差别。以不知故，非忠信所，生忠信想；非技艺所，有技艺想；于恶慧所，生善慧想；于善慧所，生恶慧想。又诸臣等年耆衰迈，曾于久时亲近侍卫，知其无势，遂不敬爱；不赐爵禄，不酬其赏；被他陵蔑，舍而不问。如是名王不鉴是非、胜之与劣。 “云何名王一向纵荡，专行放逸？谓有帝王于妙五欲一向沉没，耽着嬉戏，不能时时诫慎方便、作所应作、慰劳群臣。如是名为一向纵荡，专行放逸。 “若有国王成就如是十种过失，虽有大府库、有大辅佐、有大军众，不久国界自然灾乱，而不可归仰。大王当知此十过失：初一是王种姓过失，余九是王自性过失。 “云何名王之功德？大王王功德者，略有 现代汉语译本：对于应该施以刑罚的人处以刑罚，对于应该给予奖赏的人给予奖赏。此外，这些臣子在大朝会上，议论尚未结束，就插话打断，既不尊敬也不畏惧，还提出谏诤，不能依法行事，不能好好地奉行，不能端正地遵守先王遗留下来的教令和命令，像这样就是不顺从先王所制定的法规。 ‘怎样叫做国王不顾惜善法呢？就是说，有的国王不相信因果报应，不明白未来善业和恶业、人道和天道的果报，随着自己的心意造作身、语、意三种恶行，不能按时施行布施、修习福德、持守斋戒、学习戒律、接受陀罗尼（Dharani）业灌顶的法门，对于四无量心（catvāri apramāṇāni）不兴起广泛的救济，像这样的国王就是不顾惜善法。 ‘怎样叫做国王不能明辨是非、优胜和劣势呢？就是说，有的国王对于各位大臣、辅相、官僚，用心颠倒，不能很好地了解忠诚、技艺、智慧的差别。因为不了解的缘故，对于不忠诚的人，产生忠诚的想法；对于没有技艺的人，产生有技艺的想法；对于具有恶劣智慧的人，产生具有善良智慧的想法；对于具有善良智慧的人，产生具有恶劣智慧的想法。此外，各位臣子年老衰迈，曾经长久地亲近侍卫，知道他们没有权势，于是就不尊敬爱护他们；不赐予爵位俸禄，不酬谢他们的功劳；被他人欺凌侮辱，置之不理。像这样的国王就是不能明辨是非、优胜和劣势。 ‘怎样叫做国王一味地放纵，专门施行放逸呢？就是说，有的帝王对于美妙的五欲（pañca kāmaguṇāḥ）一味地沉溺，贪恋嬉戏，不能时时告诫自己谨慎行事，不能方便地处理事务，不能做应该做的事情，不能慰劳各位臣子。像这样就叫做一味地放纵，专门施行放逸。 ‘如果有的国王成就了像这样的十种过失，即使有很大的府库、有很大的辅佐、有很大的军队，不久国界自然就会发生灾祸和变乱，而不能依靠。大王您应当知道这十种过失：第一种是国王种姓的过失，其余九种是国王自身品性的过失。 ‘怎样叫做国王的功德呢？大王，国王的功德，大概有……’