English
Cripples, those ignorant of the Veda, eunuchs, Sudras are to be excepted. 6. Of Brahman >s, Raj any as, Vaisyas,from sruti. The right belongs to Brahmans, Kshatriyas and Vaisyas, but not to Sudras, according to Vedic precept. 7. A woman also without distinction. A woman also has the right, as there is no distinction between her and her husband. Katyayana, Srauta Sutra, i. 1-7. SCTRAS AND SUTTAS 69 ii. A Buddhist Sutta Thus have I heard. On a certain occasion The Blessed One was dwelling at Savatthi in Jetavana monastery in Anathapindika's Park. And there The Blessed One addressed the monks. ' Monks,' said he. ' Lord,' said the monks to The Blessed One in reply. And The Blessed One spoke as follows : ' I will teach you, O monks, the burden, the bearer of the burden, the taking up of the burden, and the laying down of the burden. ' And what, O monks, is the burden ? ' Reply should be made that it is the five attachment- groups. And what are the five ? They are : the form- attachment-group, the sensation-attachment-group, the per ception-attachment-group, the predisposition-attachment- group, the consciousness - attachment - group. These, O monks, are called the burden. ' And who, O monks, is the bearer of the burden ? 'Reply should be made that it is the individual; the venerable So-and-so of such-and-such a family. He, O monks, is called the bearer of the burden. ' And what, O monks, is the taking up of the burden ? ' It is desire leading to rebirth, joining itself to pleasure and passion, and finding delight in every existence — desire, namely, for sensual pleasure, desire for permanent existence, desire for transitory existence. This, O monks, is called the taking up of the burden. ' And what, O monks, is the laying down of the burden ? ' It is the complete absence of passion, the cessation, giving up, relinquishment, forsaking, and non-adoption of desire. This, O monks, is called the laying down of the burden.' Samyutta-Nikdya, xxii. 22, i ; Warren's I>nddhism in Translations, p. 159. yo OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY 12. A Passage from a Verse Upanishad As the one fire that passed into the world Has there transformed itself to many forms, So the one Self within all creatures Transforms itself to many forms, while outside all. As the one air that passed into the world Has there transformed itself to many forms, So the one Self within all creatures Transforms itself to many forms, while outside all. Just as the sun, the whole world's eye, By visible external foulness ne'er is tainted, So the one Self within all creatures By the world's sorrow ne'er is tainted, being outside it. The one Controller, the Self within all creatures, Who makes the one form manifold — Those wise men who behold Him in the self, They and no others have eternal joy. He who, Eternal, Conscious, One, fulfils The longings of the Transient, Conscious, Many — Those wise men who behold Him in the self, They and no others have eternal peace. The truth, that this is That, they feel to be Bliss indescribable, supreme. How can I come to know it ? Shines it effulgent, or reflecting light? There shineth not the sun, nor moon and stars ; These lightnings shine not ; how much less this fire ! His lonely shining makes the All resplendent ! 'Tis with His glory that this whole world gleams ! Kdthaka Upanishad, v. 9-15. SUTRAS AND SUTTAS 71 13. Buddhist Teaching in Verse Do not follow the evil law ! Do not live on in thought lessness ! Do not follow false doctrine ! Be not a friend of the world. Rouse thyself ! do not be idle ! Follow the law of virtue ! The virtuous rests in bliss in this world and in the next. Follow the law of virtue ; do not follow that of sin. The virtuous rests in bliss in this world and in the next. Look upon the world as you would on a bubble, look upon it as you would on a mirage ; the king of death does not see him who thus looks down upon the world. Come, look at this world, glittering like a royal chariot ; the foolish are immersed in it, but the wise do not touch it. He who formerly was reckless and afterwards became sober, brightens up this world, like the moon when freed from clouds. He whose evil deeds are covered by good deeds, brightens up this world, like the moon when freed from clouds. This world is dark, few only can see here ; a few only go to heaven, like birds escaped from the net. The uncharitable do not go to the world of the gods ; fools only do not praise liberality ; a wise man rejoices in liberality, and through it becomes blessed in the other world. Better than sovereignty over the earth, better than going to heaven, better than lordship over all worlds, is the reward of Sotapatti, the first step in holiness. Dhammapiida, 167-174, 177-178; S.B.E.-x.. \~. 72 OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY 14. Satyaki's Sons slain Morning with her fiery radiance oped the portals of the day, Shone once more on Kuru warriors, Pandav chiefs in dread array ! Bhima and the gallant Arjun led once more the van of war, But the proud preceptor Drona faced them in his sounding car ! Still with gallant son of Arjun, Lakshman strove with bow and shield, Vainly strove ; his faithful henchman bore him bleeding from the field ! Lakshman, son of proud Duryodhan ! Abhimanyu, Arjun's son ! Doomed to die in youth and glory 'neath the same revolving sun ! Sad the day for Vrishni warriors ! Brave Satyaki's sons of might, 'Gainst the cruel Bhuri-sravas strove in unrelenting tight, Ten brave brothers, pride of Vrishni, fell upon that fatal day, Slain by mighty Bhuri-sravas, and upon the red field lay ! Mahabhdrata, R. C. Dutt's version, p. 109. SUTRAS AND SUTTAS 73 TABLES ii. Scholastic Period. 480 to 184 B.C. Sutras are the characteristic type of Hindu literature throughout this period. The Gautama Dharmasiitra, which is the earliest of the Dharma class, probably dates from the end of the philosophic period, and one or two of the £rauta class may be as early. In any case, all three classes, Srauta, Grihya and Dharma, continued to be composed throughout the period. They are not set down in this table, because their chronological order is not yet accurately known. External events History Religion Literature Continued VERSE Earliest conquest of the South Ui'ANlsHADS form of the Mahdbhd- 400 Socrates rata Kdthaka drinks the hemlock, 399 1!- c- Plato, hd 427-347 Aristotle, 384-322 The AVESTA burned by Alexander Alexander in the Punjab Svetdivatara Gradual Formation 300 of the Rise of Buddhist Asoka Buddhist architecture Buddhist Mundaka Pali Canon, missionaries sent out by Asoka the Tripitaka 200 184 Fall of Asokan Mahditdrd- yana Empire 74 OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY 12. Conspectus of the Chief NOTE. — This table is meant to show at a glance the way in which the Vedic literature grew up, and to which school each great manual belongs. The numbers show the school connexion : thus the great Taittiriya school of the Black Yajur Veda had a full series of manuals, Brahmana, Aranyaka, Upanishad, 6rauta, Grihya, and Dharma sutras. Brackets are used to keep together the branch schools belonging to each ancient charana. Where there is uncertainty as to the school to Sntti Veda 13 rah /nana Aranyaka Upanishad R1K ' i . Aitareya 2. Kauslntaki i. Aitareya 2. Kauslntaki \. Aitareya 2. Kaushitaki i . Pafichavim'sa SAMAN 2. [Chhdndogya'] 2. Chhdndogya • 3. Talavakdra 3. Kena BLACK YAJUS !\. Taittiriya '• i . Taittiriya \ Jaittiriya ' \ Mahdndrdyana 2. Kdthaka ., 3. Maitrayamya Svetdsvatara WHITE YAJUS ! r. Satapatha i. Brihat i. ( Briliaddranyaka \ lid ATHARVAN Gopatha Mundaka Prasna Mdndukya SUTRAS AND SUTTAS 75 Manuals of the Vedic Schools which a manual belongs, no number is prefixed to the name, as in the case of the Vasishtha Dharmasiilra. One Dharmasulra has been put in brackets : the reason is that no manuscript of it has been found ; it is known only by quotation ; but it is mentioned, because it is the source whence the Mdnava DharDia'sdstra (see section 62) sprang. All this litera ture was taught only by Brahmans and only to men of the three twice- born castes. Women and men of other castes were not allowed to hear it. Sin r ili Srauta Sutra Grihya Sutra Dharma Sutra i . Asvaldyana i . Asvaldyana Vasishtha 2. Sdhkhdyana 2. ( Sdhkhdyana I Sdnibazya i Ma'saka ( Gobhila i.