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UPANISHADS, BUDDHISM, JAINISM 55 9. The Identity of the Human and the Divine Self ' Place this salt in water, and then wait on me in the morning.' The son did as he was commanded. The father said to him : ' Bring me the salt, which you placed in the water last night.' The son, having looked for it, found it not, for, of course, it was melted. The father said : ' Taste it from the surface of the water. How is it?' The son replied : ' It is salt.' ' Taste it from the middle. How is it ? ' The son replied : ' It is salt.' ' Taste it from the bottom. How is it ? ' The son replied : ' It is salt.' The father said : ' Throw it away and then wait on me.' He did so ; but salt exists for ever. Then the father said : ' Here also, in this body, forsooth, you do not perceive the True, my son ; but there indeed it is. That which is the subtle essence, in it all that exists has its self. That is the True. That is the Self, and thou, O Svetaketu, art That.' Chlumdogya Upanishad, vi. 13; S.B.E. i. 104-5. OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY TABLES 9. The Relative Age of the Early Upanishads PERIOD ENDS ABOUT 480 B. c. Events outside India Zoroaster, 660-583 B.C. The Arcs/a Jeremiah, 627-580 I), c. Pythagoras, died about 510 B.C. Athens a re public, 510 B.C. Rome a re public, 509 B.C. Confucius the Chinese sage, 551-479 B.C. History Religion Literature The early prose Upanishads Ul North India under Aryan influence Transmigration and Karma accepted Rise of great cities i . Brihaddranyaka Taxila a seat of learning Coinage ap 2. Chhdndogya pears Idols in Hin duism 3. Tail tiny a Gradual Con quest of the South 4. Aitareya Rise of Jainism Rise of Bud 5. Kanshitaki dhism 6. Kena Death of Mahavira 500 Darius conquers the Punjab Death of Gaulama about 480 B. C. The Rdmdyana, I I- VI UPANISHADS, BUDDHISM, JAINISM 57 10. &ruti, the Hindu Canon NOTE. — For the Mahanarayana and the other Upanishads which are not mentioned in section 39, see section 51 and p. 73. Many later Upanishads, not included in this table, are recognized as fru/i also ; but they have no definite place in any Vedic school, but are loosely attached to the Atharvavcda. Veda Brdhmana For the Priest Aranyaka For the Hermit Upanishad For the Wanderer Rik i. Aitarcya 2. Kaushitaki i. A it arey a i. Kaushitaki i. Aitareya 2. Kaushitaki Sdman i. J'afiiAa- viiitsa 2. \Chhdiido- 2. Chhdtulogya 3. Talavakdra 3. Kena Black Yajus i . Taittirlya i . Taitliriya i . Taittiriya Mahdndrdyana i. Kdthaka 3- 5. Maitrdyaniya Svetdh'atara White Yajus i. Satapatha \. Brihat i . Brihaddranyaka lid Atharvan Gopatha Mundaka Prafna Mdnfakya BUDDHAM SARANAM GACCHAMI DHAMMAM SARANAM GACCHAMI SANGHAM SARANAM GACCHAMI CHAPTER VI SCHOLASTIC PERIOD SUTRAS AND SUTTAS 480 B. C. to 184 B.C. 42. History. The greatest fact to be realized with regard to the history of this period is the gradual Aryanizing of South India. We have no detailed account of how it was carried out. Doubtless the chief work was done by Brahman priests, who went all over the south country as missionaries of the faith and civilization of their people, but Aryan warriors also won themselves kingdoms in the south. 43. Darius conquered the basin of the Indus and a part of the Punjab about 500 ?,. c., but we do not know how long Persian rule lasted there. Apart from this, North India remained practically as it was before until 321 B.C. The literature speaks of the existence of sixteen leading powers in North India in these centuries. The brilliant invasion of the Punjab by Alexander the Great in 326 B. c. NOTE. — The text at the top of the page is the FORMULA OF ENTRANCE INTO BUDDHISM, 'I take refuge in the Buddha; I take refuge in the Doctrine ; I take refuge in the Order.' The language is Pali. SUTRAS AND SUTTAS 59 did not disturb appreciably the other parts of India ; and very soon after his death in 323 B. c. a revolt destroyed the Greek power in the Punjab. 44. But the young adventurer who overthrew the Greeks in the Punjab soon brought the whole of the northern half of India under his rule, and thus founded the first empire ever known in India (321 B.C.). His name was Chandra- gupta, and Pdtaliputra, i. e. Patna, the capital of Magadha, was his capital. His grandson, Asoka(272-23i B.C.), ruled a large part of South India also. Under this man, a ruler of the highest capacity and character, civilization made great strides. Stone architecture and sculpture made their appearance in India during his reign, and from his time onwards inscriptions are common. His descendants, how ever, proved unfit for impe rial power ; and the empire gradually weakened and finally broke up in 184 B. c. After Alexander the coinage of India became artistic under the influence of the mints of Greece, Bactria, and Persia. 45. Religion. During this period Hinduism with its Veda and caste-system, its 4. HINDU IDOLATRY The earliest surviving represen tations of Hindu idols occur in Buddhist^ sculpture. This is the goddess Sri from the BharhutStupa, now in Calcutta Museum (Cun ningham, xxvi). Sec below, p. 62. priests and regulated worship, completed the conquest of the peninsula. From this time onwards the Brahmans are everywhere recognized as divine representatives of the became supreme wherever they went, and brought the better part of the population under their care, there were large sections of the people everywhere whom they considered ,rods. But, although they 6o OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY too low and degraded to receive their ministrations. The descendants of these groups are found to this day in all parts of the country. In the south a very large proportion of the population was held to be so unclean as to be beyond the pale of Brahman service ; and the millions of their descendants still remain outside (see Chapter XV). This period is scholastic in most of its religious features. Hindu practice became steadily more regu lar under the unceasing pressure of priestly autho rity. This is most note worthy in the realm of social life; at the beginning of the period there was still a considerable amount of caste laxity throughout 5. A HINDU TEMPLE IN BUDDHIST SCULPTURE From the Sanchi Stupa of second century B.C. (Maisey, xiii.). See fig. 6. The divinity is a five- headed snake, or Naga, which is visible within the shrine. In front stands a fire-altar, while a Vana- prastha and his leafy hut may be seen in the right foreground. Northern India, but by the close a great advance had taken place. The whole system had hardened and was very much what it has been for centuries. A large number of the secondary castes were already in existence. One of the chief characteristics of the priesthood at this time was the desire to express everything with great exactness in well-arranged manuals, each devoted to a single subject. This scholastic tendency comes out very distinctly in Buddhist literature also ; everything is classified, arranged in groups, numbered and labelled. There are four Noble Truths ; the Noble Path is eight-fold ; there are twelve steps SUTRAS AND SUTTAS 61 in the theory of Dependent Origination, the Buddhist theory of how living beings come into existence. The same is true of Jainism. 6. NORTH GATE OK THE SA^CII! STUPA. This noble monument stands at Safichl in the Bhopal State. The huge mound of the stupa is visible behind the gate, but the ornament on the top is gone. Portions of the stone rail are visible on each side of the gate. There are three other gates. (Photogrnph by Johnston & Hoffmann.) Images and temples rose during this period to the place which they have ever since held in Hindu life. The tradi tional appearance of the various gods, with their dress, weapons, and ornaments, became definitely fixed ; while the 62 OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY plan of the temple court was modelled on the arrangements of the ground for the ancient sacrifices. 46. When Gautama the Buddha died, his relics, divided into seven portions, were laid in seven stupas erected for them ; and the great teachers who followed him were similarly honoured. Nor was that all. Buddhists soon began to believe that the truth had been taught by a long 7. BUDDHIST WORSHIP Men and angels adoring a stiipa.