Chinese
也就是说，数量和寿命，痛苦等是不确定的。例如，在岩石、石头和巨石等之中，以及在冰雪之中寒冷僵硬，在温泉和火中灼热燃烧，在树木和树叶的缝隙中包裹，在空中摇曳等，都感受痛苦。有些短命地狱众生就是这样，以前在石城，一位屠夫从圣者迦旃延那里接受了夜晚不杀生的戒律。由于他之前的恶业，转生到短命地狱，白天感受痛苦，但夜晚戒律未失，如天人般享受。还有一些，如曼伽拉之子到达大海边，在那里看到短命地狱众生，错认为木桩、扫帚、刷子、门、浅锅、绳子、三脚架、柱子等，感受各种痛苦。另外，王舍城一个宰牛的屠夫，骨头被乌鸦叼走，他自己感受到痛苦，同样，砍伐树木的痛苦也是他自己感受。名为“耳朵裂开”的地方，在迷路时，进入一间网状房屋，敲击犍椎后，立即聚集了五百名声闻的影像，互相残杀，然后全部逃离，看到这些等等，还有很多。总的来说，虽然地狱的种类归纳为十八种，但不仅限于此，《虚空藏经》等经典中对此有更多的描述。根本颂说：饿鬼也为欲望所困，由欲望所生的痛苦，持续不断无法改变。饥渴寒热，劳累和恐惧所生，极其难忍受，应知晓。意思是说，因饥渴等所困，心中渴望的需求永远无法满足，由此产生的痛苦持续不断，由于这个过失，为了寻找食物而奔波劳累。即使看到食物，也有手持武器的人守护等，因见到这些而感到恐惧，要知道由此产生的痛苦极其难忍。特别是内障饿鬼，肚子像山一样大，嘴巴却像针眼一样小，食物和饮料被他人守护或消失，或者是不干净的东西等，稍微
English
That is to say, the number, lifespan, suffering, etc., are uncertain. For example, in rocks, stones, and boulders, and in ice and snow, they are cold and stiff; in hot springs and fire, they are hot and burning; wrapped in the crevices of trees and leaves; swaying in the air, etc., they experience suffering. Some short-lived hell beings are like this: once in the city of Stone Heap, a butcher received the precept of not killing at night from the venerable Kātyāyana. Due to his previous non-virtuous deeds, he was born in a short-lived hell, suffering during the day, but at night his precept was not broken, so he enjoyed like a god. Others, like the son of Maṅgala, reached the edge of the ocean and saw short-lived hell beings there, mistaking them for stakes, brooms, brushes, doors, shallow pots, ropes, tripods, pillars, etc., and experiencing various sufferings. Furthermore, a butcher in the city of Rājagṛha who slaughtered cows had his bones picked up by crows, and he himself felt the pain. Similarly, he himself felt the pain of cutting down trees. In a place called "Ears Split Open," when lost, one entered a net-like house, and as soon as the gaṇḍā bell was struck, about five hundred images of Śrāvakas gathered, killing each other, and then all fled, seeing these and many other things. In general, although the categories of hells are summarized as eighteen, they are not limited to this. The *Ākāśagarbha Sūtra* and other scriptures describe even more. The root verse says: Even among pretas, afflicted by desire, the suffering born of desire is constant and unchangeable. Born of hunger, thirst, cold, heat, fatigue, and fear, it is extremely unbearable; one should know this. This means that, afflicted by hunger and thirst, the desires of the heart are never fulfilled, and the suffering arising from this is constant. Due to this fault, one toils by running around seeking only food and drink. Even when food and drink are seen, there are those who guard it with weapons, etc., and one is frightened by seeing these. One should know that the suffering arising from this is extremely unbearable. In particular, the internally obscured pretas have bellies as large as mountains but mouths as small as the eye of a needle. Food and drink are guarded by others or disappear, or are unclean, etc., slightly
Chinese
即使现在得到，也无法入口，无法果腹，真是痛苦啊！食物的障碍是：在先前的痛苦之上，夜晚腹中燃起火焰，食物也变成火焰等等。共同的障碍是：没有肉，骨头上覆盖着皮肤，变得干瘦。其中，被称为平民的人们，连最差的食物也找不到，而且一见面就争斗殴打等等。外在的障碍是：夏天月亮也变得炎热，冬天太阳也变得寒冷，树木的丰盛果实，看一眼就枯萎，河流也同样如此。在空中游荡的饿鬼是：腐烂的身体和僵尸，疯狂者和遗忘者，夜叉食肉鬼压迫者和使人消瘦者，以及星宿，诅咒，罗刹，恶鬼，寻衅者等等，所有这些都是鬼神之类。这些被归为鬼类，现在有人说死者哪里也不去，就在活人之中，这只不过是牛炫耀金色的幻象而已。死者因为生前所造的业，而转生为这些空行饿鬼的眷属，因为对活人的人和财产有怨恨和血仇而加害。而且，对那些亲近的人，以转移自己先前死亡的痛苦感觉的意识来加害和伤害，有能力的人则以咒语和降下诅咒等方式来折磨，此外，还有与短暂生命相似的身体和痛苦。根本：即使在畜生道，也有杀戮，捆绑和殴打等各种痛苦。对于那些舍弃了寂静的善行的人来说，互相吞噬，极其可怕。也就是说，畜生有分散和聚集两种，前者是互相残杀，大的吃小的，小的啃食大的身体，还有被石头等砸死，真是痛苦啊！被绳子捆绑，殴打和被迫役使等等，经历各种痛苦，远离寂静之心，舍弃善行的人们。
English
Even if obtained now, it cannot be eaten and cannot fill the stomach, it is truly painful! The obstructions of food and drink are: on top of the previous suffering, flames ignite in the stomach at night, and food also turns into flames, and so on. The common obstruction is: without meat, the bones are covered with skin, becoming thin and emaciated. Among them, those called commoners cannot even find the worst food, and they fight and beat each other as soon as they meet. The external obstructions are: the moon in summer becomes hot, and the sun in winter becomes cold, the abundant fruits of trees wither as soon as they are looked at, and the rivers are the same. The hungry ghosts wandering in the sky are: rotten bodies and zombies, madmen and forgetful ones, Yaksha flesh-eating ghosts, oppressors and those who make people thin, as well as constellations, curses, Rakshasas, demons, troublemakers, etc., all of which are types of spirits. These are classified as types of demons, and nowadays some say that the dead do not go anywhere, but are among the living. This is nothing more than a delusion of a cow showing off its golden color. The deceased, because of the karma accumulated in their previous life, are born into the retinue of these sky-faring hungry ghosts, and harm the living people and property because of resentment and blood feuds. Moreover, they harm and injure those who are close to them by transferring the feeling of their own previous death throes. Those who are capable torment others with mantras and by casting curses, etc. In addition, they also have bodies and sufferings similar to a short life. Root: Even in the animal realm, there are various sufferings such as killing, binding, and beating. For those who have abandoned peaceful virtues, they devour each other, which is extremely terrible. That is to say, animals have two types: scattered and gathered. The former is that they kill each other, the big ones eat the small ones, the small ones gnaw at the bodies of the big ones, and they are also killed by stones, etc., which is truly painful! Being bound by ropes, beaten, and forced into servitude, etc., they experience various sufferings, and those who abandon peaceful minds and abandon virtues.
Chinese
地狱中，有互相吞食等极其难忍的剧烈而长久的痛苦需要承受，饿鬼也需要被归入畜生道。这样稍微讲述了三恶道的痛苦之后，根本颂词：因此，如果不能阻止出生的洪水般的痛苦，即使是胜过天人的身体，也像水泡一样，在无常的荒野中漂泊。这句是说，因此，为了从轮回，特别是三恶道的痛苦中解脱出来，如果不能阻止出生的痛苦，就像洪水一样，以及它的波涛喧嚣，那么，即使是胜过天人的珍贵人身，也像水泡一样，突然破灭，在轮回中一次又一次地出生，无依无靠，不由自主地像在干涸的荒野中漂泊一样。根本颂词：无色界的禅定，无记业，耗尽后转生到下一世，感受痛苦；色界的禅定，前世的业耗尽，堕落到下界，感受痛苦。这句是说，无色界众生，在那里出生的业耗尽，与从寂止的禅定中醒来同时，因为造作而对来世的痛苦感到厌倦；色界众生也是如此，在那里出生的原因，禅定的快乐改变了，必须感受堕落到下一世的痛苦。根本颂词：梵天和自在天，以及转轮王，也像云间的太阳一样，以白业的成熟，稍微寻求机会，在放弃的瞬间，就像灯芯吸干的油脂一样衰败。这句是说，色界的主尊大梵天获得离欲的快乐，欲界的主尊，拥有圆满财富的嘎希嘎，以及人中的主尊转轮王，拥有七宝和四部军队，统治四大部洲等等，所有这些身体，就像云间的太阳一样，即使以白业的成熟稍微寻求到安乐的机会，就像从睡眠中醒来一样，在放弃安乐的瞬间，就像灯芯吸干的油脂一样，耗尽衰败。根本颂词：按压时柔软的触感
English
In hell, there are extremely unbearable and prolonged sufferings such as mutual devouring that need to be endured, and pretas also need to be classified into the animal realm. After briefly describing the suffering of the three lower realms, the root verse: Therefore, if the suffering of birth, like a flood, with its roaring waves, cannot be averted, even a body superior to that of the gods, like a water bubble, will wander in the unstable wilderness. This means that, therefore, in order to avert the suffering of samsara in general and the three lower realms in particular, if the suffering of birth, like a flood, and its roaring waves cannot be averted here, then even a precious human body superior to that of the gods, like a water bubble, will suddenly burst, and one will be born again and again in samsara, without support, involuntarily wandering like in a dry wilderness. Root verse: The formless absorptions, the unspecified actions, when exhausted, lead to the next existence; the form realm's meditations, the previous actions exhausted, lead to falling into lower realms, experiencing suffering. This means that the formless beings, when the actions that cause them to be born there are exhausted, and simultaneously with awakening from the samadhi of quiescence, they become weary of the suffering of the next life because of actions; the form realm beings are also like that, the cause of being born there, the happiness of meditation changes, and they must experience the suffering of falling into the next existence. Root verse: Brahma and Indra, and the wheel-turning king, also, like the sun in the clouds, with the ripening of white karma, slightly seek an opportunity, and in the moment of abandoning it, they decay like butter consumed by a lamp's flame. This means that the chief of the form realm, the great god Brahma, obtains the happiness of detachment, and the chief of the desire realm, Kashika, who possesses perfect wealth, and the chief of humans, the wheel-turning king, who possesses the seven jewels and the fourfold army, and rules over the four continents, etc., all those bodies, like the sun in the clouds, even if they slightly seek and find an opportunity for happiness with the ripening of white karma, like waking up from sleep, in the moment of abandoning happiness, they are exhausted and decay like butter consumed by the flame of a lamp. Root verse: The touch that is soft when pressed
Chinese
那些（众生）曾以天、龙、人或紧那罗的头顶，使（因陀罗）的莲足染成红色，（那些）权势者，也将在铁制燃烧的尖锐树顶上受苦。这是说，在城市中，脚踩在柔软而高耸的地面上，触感极其柔和，三十三天众、龙族、紧那罗等，以头顶的珍宝装饰来触碰因陀罗的脚，使得莲足也染成红色，拥有如此力量的傲慢者，也将堕入地狱之中。根本偈：迷恋于天女新生的乳房，如同攀援藤蔓，（沉溺于）欢乐的园林，以及装饰精美的无量宫殿，（宫殿）有珍珠网格，（他们）舍弃这一切，将如倒栽葱般坠入火坑之中。这是说，当湖水缓缓流动，（他们）体验着触摸天女乳房的快乐，在欢乐的园林中，享受着各种美食、衣物、装饰和音乐，住所和装饰也极其华丽，然而，一旦享受这些善业的福报耗尽，就必须在火坑等地狱中遭受无量的痛苦。根本偈：衣物坐垫鲜花都已衰败的天女们，擦拭着沾满灰尘的脸庞，看着亲近的人们哭泣，（这种）死亡和迁移的痛苦，是人所没有的。这是说，虽然在他化自在天以下，有贪恋生命的过失，但并没有解释其中痛苦的必要。然而，当死亡和迁移的预兆出现时，就必须体验痛苦。天女们的衣物坐垫和鲜花装饰都已衰败，沾满了污垢，等等，当出现死亡的征兆时，天女们内心的勇气消退，用灰尘遮盖脸庞，也失去了像以前一样擦拭的力气，看着自己亲密的朋友和亲戚哭泣，这样的痛苦是人所没有的。根本偈：曾经作为支撑山脊的地面，如同伞盖般遮蔽天空，能够驱散世界黑暗的伟大日月，未来也将在黑暗的监狱中，获得如盲人般的境遇。这是说，支撑着山脊的地面，如同伞盖般遮蔽天空，能够驱散世界黑暗的伟大
English
Those (beings) who once used the heads of gods, nagas, humans, or kinnaras to redden the lotus feet of (Indra), those powerful ones, will also suffer on the sharp, burning tree tops made of iron. This means that in the city, stepping on the soft and towering ground, the touch is extremely gentle, the thirty-three gods, nagas, kinnaras, etc., use the jewel decorations on their heads to touch Indra's feet, causing the lotus feet to turn red, those arrogant ones who possess such power will also fall into hell. Root verse: Infatuated with the new breasts of heavenly maidens, like climbing vines, (indulging in) joyful gardens, and the beautifully decorated immeasurable palaces, (palaces) with pearl grids, (they) abandon all this and will fall headfirst into the pit of fire. This means that when the lake flows slowly, (they) experience the pleasure of touching the breasts of heavenly maidens, in the joyful gardens, enjoying various delicacies, clothes, decorations, and music, the residences and decorations are also extremely gorgeous, however, once the merit of enjoying these virtuous deeds is exhausted, they must suffer immeasurable pain in the pit of fire and other hells. Root verse: The heavenly maidens whose clothes, cushions, and flowers have decayed, wiping their faces covered with dust, looking at their close ones crying, (this) suffering of death and migration is something humans do not have. This means that although there is a fault of clinging to life below the Paranirmitavasavartin gods, there is no need to explain the suffering therein. However, when the omens of death and migration appear, one must experience suffering. The heavenly maidens' clothes, cushions, and flower decorations have decayed, covered with dirt, etc., when signs of death appear, the courage in the heavenly maidens' hearts fades, covering their faces with dust, and they also lose the strength to wipe it off as before, looking at their close friends and relatives crying, such suffering is something humans do not have. Root verse: The great sun and moon, which once supported the ground of the mountain ridge, covered the sky like an umbrella, and were able to dispel the darkness of the world, will in the future also obtain a state like that of a blind person in the dark prison. This means that the great sun and moon, which support the ground of the mountain ridge, cover the sky like an umbrella, and are able to dispel the darkness of the world,