English
A hundred lakhs is a koṭi, a hundred koṭi lakhs is a pakoṭi, a hundred pakoṭi lakhs is a koṭippakoṭi. In this way, nahuta, ninnahuta, akkhobhiṇī, bindu, abbuda, nirabbuda, ahaha, ababa, aṭaṭa, sogaṇḍika, uppala, kumuda, puṇḍarīka, paduma, kathāna, mahākathāna, asaṅkhyeyya, are to be understood as increasing by a hundred lakh times in order. Thus, from stage to stage, it is considered a hundred lakh times; and in order, the twenty numbers beginning with koṭi. Now, indeclinables are spoken of, and also called particles. These are of two kinds: prefixes and particles, and conjunctions and particles. Pa, parā, apa, saṃ, anu, ava, o, ni, du, vi, adhi, api, ati, su, u, abhi, pati, pari, upa, ā – these are the twenty prefixes. Prefixes are indeed illuminators, not expressers. Therein, the word pa- is used in the sense of kind, beginning of action, pre-eminence, inclusion, separation, devoted to, abundance, origin, satisfaction, clarity, aspiration, and so on. For example, in kind: paññā (wisdom). In beginning of action: vippakataṃ (begun). In pre-eminence: paṇītaṃ (excellent). In inclusion: pakkhittaṃ (thrown in), khittaṃ means throwing, pakkhittaṃ means making it included, because the meaning of the root is obstructed. For it has been said: One obstructs the meaning of the root, another follows it; yet another specifies it, the function of prefixes is threefold. And here, “anuruddhakā me saṅgāmayuddhe” (they fought for me in battle) – these prefixes indeed specify the meaning of the root. In separation: pavāsī (exile). In devoted to: pācariyo (teacher). In abundance: pavuddhakāyo (grown body). In origin: himavantā gaṅgā pabhavati (the Ganges originates from the Himalayas). In satisfaction: pahūta+mannaṃ (plentiful food). In clarity: pasanna+mudakaṃ (clear water). In aspiration: paṇihitaṃ (aspired). Parā- means decline, defeat, movement, exertion, touching, and so on. For example, in decline: parābhavo (decline). In defeat: parājito (defeated). In movement: parāyanaṃ (refuge). In exertion: parakkamati (exerts). In touching: aṅgassa parāmasanaṃ (touching a limb). Apa- means gone away, blame, fault. Ana: (prefix indicating) gone away, boundless, departed, not arrogant, from, honoring, to offend. As in: In being gone: boundless, departed. In blaming: not arrogant. In avoiding: merchants come from the market. In worship: honoring elders. In offending: they offend. Saṃ: (prefix indicating) combination, complete equality, all-roundness, coming together, abbreviation, intense meaning, together with, accompanying, origin, facing towards, arrangement, repetition, prosperity. As in: In combination: conjunction. In complete equality: concentration, connected. In all-roundness: mixed, conversation. In coming together: meeting. In abbreviation: compound. In intense meaning: essential meaning. In 'together with' meaning: living together. In 'accompanying' meaning: worthy. In origin: origin. In facing towards: facing. In coming together: he collects. In arrangement: restrained. In repetition: he runs together. In prosperity: accomplished. Anu: (prefix indicating) followed, unbroken, after, intense, similarity, inferior, along, by means of, indicating location, towards, with regard to, belonging to, concerning, throughout, from...to.... As in: In following: he follows. In unbroken: underlying tendency. In after-meaning: after the chariot. In intense meaning: deeply attached. In similarity: suitable. In inferior: wise like Sāriputta. In instrumental meaning: the army encamped along the river. In indication: the lightning flashes along the tree. In description of a state: Devadatta is good towards his mother. In share: whatever share of this may be mine, let that be given. In distribution: the moon shines from tree to tree. Ava: (prefix indicating) downward, separation, contempt, knowing, purity, certainty, place, theft. As in: In downward: with downcast eyes. In separation: a forest without cuckoos. In contempt: despising, he despises. In knowing: he understands. In purity: purification. In certainty: determination. In place: opportunity. In theft: carrying off. O: (prefix indicating) descending, removing, purity. Is seen in: In descending: he descends from the palace. In removing: with shoes taken off. In purity: pure. Ni: (prefix indicating) without remainder, gone out, taking out, entering inside, prohibition, departed, manifestation, determination, division, and (incomplete/unclear ending). a, in skill, removal, covering, and so on. In complete, it is complete. In gone forth, it is without defilements. It goes forth. In removal, it is determination. In entering, it is buried. In absence, it is without flies. In prohibition, it prohibits. In gone out, it is Nibbāna. In manifestation, it is created. In ascertainment, it is certainty. In division, it is instruction. In simile, it is an example. In understanding, it is listening. In completion, it is finished. In skill, it is skillful. In removal, it removes. The 'i' is long. In covering, it is a hindrance. Du, in unbeautiful, absence, blameworthy, lack of prosperity, difficulty, ugliness, and so on. In unbeautiful, it is bad smell. In absence, it is famine. In blameworthy, it is bad deed. In lack of prosperity, it is bad harvest. In difficulty, it is difficult. In ugliness, it is ugly-colored, ugly-faced. Vi, in special, various, opposite, gone, separation, ugliness, and so on. In special, it is liberation, distinguished. In various, it is doubt. In opposite, it is dispute. In gone, it is stainless. In separation, it is separated. In ugliness, it is ugly. Adhi, in excess, lordship, superiority, overcoming, studying, resolve, certainty, attainment, and so on. In excess, it is higher virtue. In lordship, it is lord. The Pañcālas are under Brahmadatta. In superiority, it ascends. He will lie upon the earth. In overcoming, it overcomes. In studying, he studies grammar. In resolve, he resolves on an earthquake and so on. In certainty, it is determination. In attainment, he attains a mass of wealth. Api, in possibility, expectation, collection, blame, question, and so on. In possibility, even in divine pleasures. He might go piercing even Mount Meru. In expectation, this Dhamma too is not fixed. In collection, this too is an Arahant. Taking even the end, even the quality of the end. In blame, O our little wise one! In question, Venerable Sir, did you obtain alms? Ati, in transgression, past, excess, intensiveness, and so on. In transgression, he outshines us. Past. In past, it is exceedingly. In excess, it is exceedingly skillful. In intensiveness, it is excessive anger, excessive growth. Su, in beautiful, well, rightly, prosperity, happiness, and so on. In beautiful, it is good smell. In well and rightly, Sugata is one who has gone well to attainments, Sugata is one who has gone rightly, Sugata is one who has gone to prosperity and abundance, Sugata is one who has gone easily to happiness. U is used for rising, upward action, effort, separation, origin, self-acquisition, power, description of nature, etc. In rising: he rises. In upward action: he rose from his seat, lifting. In effort: excellent, transcendent. In separation: illuminated. In origin: arisen. In self-acquisition: knowledge that has arisen. In power: he strives to go. In description of nature: he points out the Sutta. Abhi is used for facing, distinction, excess, upward action, family, suitability, veneration, characteristic, being such, concealment, etc. In facing: facing, he approaches. In distinction: Abhidhamma. In excess: he dwells over. In upward action: he ascends. In family: well-born. In suitability: handsome. In veneration: he salutes. In characteristic, etc., it is the same as before. Paṭi is used for going back, opposition, substitute, giving back, prohibition, turning back, similarity, doing back, taking, awakening, depending, characteristic, being such, portion, concealment, etc. In going back: direct perception. In opposition: against the current. In substitute: a pupil from a teacher. In giving back: he gives ghee to one who wants oil. In prohibition: he prohibits. In turning back: he retreats. In similarity: an image. In doing back: a remedy. In taking: he accepts. In awakening: penetration. In depending: condition. In characteristic, etc., it is the same as before. Pari is used for surrounding, delimitation, avoidance, embracing, dwelling, veneration, eating, despising, fault-finding, characteristic, etc. In surrounding: surrounded. In delimitation: to be fully understood. In avoidance: he avoids. In embracing: he embraces. In dwelling: whoever will put on a garment. In veneration: service. In eating: he serves the bhikkhu. In despising: he despises. In fault-finding: he abuses. In characteristic, etc.: the lightning flashes around the tree, etc. Upa is used for approaching, proximity, attainment, similarity, excess, contempt, destruction, fault-finding, designation, Previous action, worship, acceptance, abundance, and so on. In approaching: he would sit near or approach, near: a suburb, in rebirth: he is reborn in the heavenly world, or rebirth = fitness, as in "looks with fitness" is equanimity, in similarity: a simile, a comparison, in excess: a basket full to the brim, in superiority: attained to higher ordination, in fasting: a fast, in blaming: he blames another, in recognition: a concept, a prefix, in previous action: an undertaking, a help, in worship: a server of the Buddha, serving one's mother, in acceptance: acceptance of purity, in abundance: clinging, distress, a strong condition. Ā is in the sense of facing, upward action, limit, method, attainment, wish, embrace, beginning, taking, dwelling, proximity, calling, and so on. In facing: they come, in upward action: he ascends, in limit: the field up to the mountain, in method: Kaccāyana's fame up to the children, in attainment: he has incurred an offense, in wishing: a longing, in embracing: an embrace,