English
are perception-words because they denote it, that is the intention. This fivefold meaning, the meaning of the word itself, and the meaning understood by implication, is twofold. Thus, "the fat man does not eat by day" the meaning of the word denies eating. But eating by night is understood by implication. Therefore, it is said – The operation of a word in conveying meaning is of three kinds; primary, metaphorical, and suggestive, here, however. The primary is in the direct meaning, the metaphorical is in the hidden meaning; the other (suggestive) operates only in the meaning of the sentence. "On the couch" (mañce) operating in the direct meaning is primary, "the couches proclaim" (mañcā ugghosanti) operating in the hidden meaning is metaphorical, and operating in the meaning of the entire sentence, like a verse, is suggestive. By the division of operation, the word is also threefold, expressive. o; Indicative is the expressive, its meaning is also considered threefold. Expressed, indicative, implied, thus a word is well-expressive; In the order stated, by divisions of genus, etc., it becomes fivefold. 38. In addressing – The first case ending occurs in the mere meaning of addressing. O man, O woman, O neuter. The act of making present a thing that exists, by means of a word, should be known as addressing; it is not “may the king be.” The agent is the cause of an action, and is sixfold: action, agent, instrument, recipient, ablative, locative. For example – 2,2. In the object, the second case That which is done, that which is connected with the agent's action, is the object; in that object-agent, the second case ending occurs. It is threefold: production, transformation, acquisition. Among these, in the production-object: the mother gives birth to a son, food produces happiness, Datta makes a mat. In transformation: he makes wood into charcoal, he makes gold into a bracelet, he cuts rice. In acquisition: Datta enters the house, he sees the sun, he hears the Dhamma, he attends upon the wise. And it is said – The object is considered threefold by divisions of production, transformation, acquisition; that which is reached by the agent's action, like happiness, charcoal, house. “He makes a mat, vast and beautiful” – in this sense, the object has qualities, because it is connected with the action of “he makes vast,” “he makes beautiful.” “Rice is cooked” – from the word “rice,” the object-ness is not understood; what then? From the verb. Desired object, for example: he milks milk from the cow, he begs a cow from the cow-owner, he confines the cow in the pen, he asks the path from the young man, he begs a cow from the cow-owner, he plucks fruits from the tree (meaning, from the tree), he teaches Dhamma to the pupil. Here, milk, cow, etc., are desired; from the cow, from the cow-owner, etc., are undesired. Thus, even in the undesired: he crushes a thorn, he swallows poison. That which is neither desired nor undesired, there too: going to the village, he approaches the foot of a tree. In the locative, with the prefixes 'adhi', 'si', 'ṭhā', 'sāna' in the usage, he lies on the earth, he stands in the village, he dwells in the tree. Here, "earth" means "on the earth." Similarly with "abhi" and "nipu" prefixes, he enters into the Dhamma, or "into the Dhamma." Likewise with "upa," "anu," "ajjhā" prefixes, he dwells near the village, he dwells after the village, he dwells in the monastery, he dwells in the village, he dwells in the house. Here, "village" means "in the village." Similarly in drinking and eating, he drinks the river, he eats the village, meaning "in the river." "If he does not speak to me" means "with me." The accusative case is prescribed even in the usage of "paṭi," "May the factors of awakening appear to you, Cunda," meaning "may the factors of awakening shine upon you." "A simile appears to me," meaning "a simile occurs to me." With the root, "it does not appear to him," the genitive case is used. 3. In continuous connection of time and distance When time and distance are in continuous connection with substance, quality, and action, the accusative case is used with those words denoting time and distance. In time: for seven days, the cows' milk; for a month, the meat and rice; in autumn, the river is delightful; always delightful is the Nandana grove; for three months, he teaches the Abhidhamma. In distance: for a league, a forest line; for a league, a long mountain; for a kos, he recites. Having put on robes in the forenoon, at one time, the Blessed One, "This night, the four great kings," in such instances, the accusative case is used with time-denoting words in continuous connection, due to abundant prescription or a case-ending inversion. "The recitation was learned in a month," "The recitation was learned in a kos," the instrumental case is used in the sense of an instrument. 4. In the causative of verbs of motion, knowing, eating, speaking, intransitive, and "bhaj" etc. In the causative of verbs of motion, knowing, eating, speaking, intransitive, and "bhaj" etc., the accusative case is used for the agent. Datta makes the student go to the village, or makes him travel. The teacher makes the student know the Dhamma, or makes him understand. The mother makes her son eat rice, or makes him taste. The teacher makes the pupil study the Veda, or makes him recite. The accusative case is used for the object other than the agent. The man makes Datta taste, or makes him eat. The man makes another divide, another who causes to stand, causes another to spread. 5. And with Harādi verbs With Harādi verbs, the agent in the causative may be in the accusative. A man causes Datta to carry a burden, or by Datta. The king causes the people to be seen, or by the people. Datta causes the teacher to be saluted, or by Datta. Datta causes the enemy to be swallowed, or by Datta. Datta causes Datta to do, or by Datta. In other cases, the agent is always in the instrumental. 6. Not with Khādādi verbs With Khādādi verbs, the agent in the causative is not in the accusative. This is sometimes a prohibition in the case of verbs of motion, etc. Datta causes to eat by Datta, causes to take by Datta, causes to call by Datta, causes to make a sound by Datta, causes to lead by Datta, causes to cry by Datta. 7. Joined with Dhiādi From that which is joined with Dhiādi, the accusative occurs. Fie upon this putrid body, between Rājagaha and Nālanda, meaning, in the middle, in the space between Rājagaha and Nālanda. Without concentration, the lake near Mucalinda. This accusative is in the sense of the genitive. 8. With Abhi in the sense of a mark, being such, and desire In the sense of a mark, etc., from that which is joined with Abhi, the accusative occurs. The moon shines upon the tree, here the tree is the mark, the moon is to be marked, and by Abhi, the tree's characteristic of being a mark is expressed, thus the tree is said to be joined with Abhi. Devadatta is good to his mother, meaning, he has attained goodness in his mother. The moon shines upon tree after tree, meaning, in every tree. 9. With Pati and Pari in the sense of a share From that which is joined with Pati and Pari, in the sense of a mark, etc., and in the sense of a share, the accusative occurs. It shines upon the tree, Devadatta is good to his mother, it stands upon tree after tree, whatever share of mine there may be, meaning, whatever is my share, let that be given. Similarly with upon the tree, etc. 10. With Anu In the sense of a mark, etc., the accusative. It shines after the tree, it rained after the act of truth, the cause also becomes a mark, Devadatta is good to his mother, it shines after tree after tree, whatever share of mine there may be. 11. In the sense of with In the sense of with with "anu" in the sense of "less than," the second case. He stands behind the mountain, meaning "with the mountain." 12. In the sense of "inferior" When "anu" is used in the sense of "inferior," the second case. Monks wise after Sāriputta, meaning "inferior to Sāriputta in wisdom." 13. With "upa" When "upa" is used in the sense of "inferior," the second case. Wise after Sāriputta. 16. The third case for agent and instrument The third case occurs for the agent and instrument. The Dhamma taught by the Victor, Māra conquered by the Buddha, a man bitten by a snake. Where the cause of a cause is also spoken of as a cause, there too is the third case: The village burned by robbers, food cooked by grass, monasteries built by the faithful. The agent is that which, being self-reliant, brings about an action; whether directly or indirectly involved, that is called the agent. The instrument, however, is of two kinds: internal and external. For example, he performs work with his hand, he sees a form with his eye, he understands a phenomenon with his mind. He cuts rice with a sickle, he burns a hut with fire. External and also internal, the instrument is of two kinds, for example: He cuts rice with a sickle, he sees the moon with his eye. Beautiful by nature, Gotama by clan, etc. Due to the root "bhū" (to be), the third case for instrument. Similarly, known by the name Sāriputta, a Khattiya by birth, a Buddha by birth, seven years old by birth, a reed-worker by craft, twenty-nine by age. Thus, he runs on even ground, he runs on uneven ground, he buys grain for two measures. 17. With "saha" When "saha" is used, the third case may occur. The third case, like the sixth, occurs only for the subordinate. He came with his son, he arrived with his son, he proceeds with thought, stout with his son, The Blessed One sat down with the assembly of monks, measured equal to a thousand, separation from all my dear and beloved ones. 18. For a distinguishing mark The third case for that which serves as a distinguishing mark. With a broken head, with blood flowing, he made his neighbors complain.