English
For `bādhi`, `v` is substituted for the end. It carries by this, `bāhu` = arm. Or it prevents troubles, `bāhu` = arm. From `raṃgha` (to go), the `niggahīta` is dropped. He moves according to the king's duties, `raghu` = a king. From `vida` (to obtain), `n` is augmented, `v` becomes `b`. It obtains joy by this, `bindu` = a drop. From 'mana', knowing, 'na' becomes 'dha'. One knows, one understands as sweet. 'Madhu' (honey) is honey made by bees. From 'rapa', 'lapa', 'japa', 'jappa', speaking, 'i' is added. One speaks, one mutters, muttering. 'Ripu' (enemy) is an adversary. From 'sasa', moving, breathing, living, 'u' is added. One breathes, one lives. 'Susu' (young one) is youth. From 'ara', going, 'u' and 'ū' are added. It goes, reaching greatness. 'Uru' (great) is large. Because it goes, 'ūru' (thigh) is the thigh. From 'khaṇa', digging, 'ā' is prefixed, 'na' is not elided. It digs. 'Ākhu' (rat) is a mouse. From 'tara', crossing, 'ta' becomes 'tha'. It crosses. 'Tharu' (hilt) is a part of a sword. From 'laṃgha', moving, drying, 'gha' becomes 'ha' or 'tta', and the nasal is elided. It moves, it proceeds with lightness. 'Laghu', 'lahū' are synonyms, meaning light. (From 'bhaṃja', breaking, crushing, 'pa' is prefixed, 'ja' becomes 'ga'. It breaks especially. 'Pabhaṅgu' (fragile) is brittle.) From 'ṭhā', staying, ceasing movement, 'su' is prefixed. It stands, it proceeds beautifully. 'Suṭṭhu' (well) is beautiful. 'Du' is prefixed. It stands, it proceeds unpleasantly. 'Duṭṭhu' (badly) is ugly. And others should be understood similarly. 7. I. In verb meanings, 'i' often occurs. From 'abha', throwing, it is thrown, it is cast. 'Asi' (sword) is a sword. From 'kasa', scratching, it is scratched. 'Kasi' (ploughing) is scratching. From 'masa', touching, it is touched. 'Masi' (ink) is ink. From 'ku', sounding, 'o' is substituted. He sounds, he speaks. 'Kavi' (poet) is a poet. From 'ru', sounding, it sounds, it roars. 'Ravi' (sun) is the sun. From 'sappa', moving, it moves, it proceeds. 'Sappi' (ghee) is clarified butter. From 'gantha', binding, 'na' becomes 'ṇa' and 'ṭha'. He binds. 'Gaṇṭhi' (knot) is a joint, a knot. From 'rāja', shining, it shines, it proceeds. 'Rāji' (line) is a row. From 'kala', counting, it is counted, it is measured. 'Kali' (evil) is sin. From 'bala', breathing, living, they live, they exist by it. 'Bali' (tribute) is tax. From 'dhana', sounding, it sounds, it roars. 'Dhāni' (sound) is sound. From 'acca', 'añca', worshipping, it is worshipped, it is revered. 'Acci' (flame) is a flame. From 'vala', 'valla', covering, enclosing, folding, contracting. 'Vali' (fold) is a fold in the abdomen etc. Beings are covered, are enclosed by it. 'Valli' (creeper) is a creeper. In 'vimhi' (wonder), 'valī' and 'vallī' also occur, the meaning is the same. And others similarly. 8. Dajh ādayo. The words like dadhi, etc., ending in the suffix i, are formed irregularly. Dhā-to hold, duplication by irregular formation, that which holds ghee is dadhi = a special kind of curds. Aṃha-to go, elision of the nasal, that which goes, moves is ahi = a snake. Kampa-to tremble, elision of the initial conjunct, that which trembles, moves is kapi = a monkey. Mana-to know, its u is changed to u, that which knows, understands is muni = an ascetic. Nassa to ṇa, that which goes to a state of great value is maṇi = a gem. Ikkha cakkha-to see, its i is changed to a, that by which one sees is akkhi = an eye. Kamapavikkhepe-to step, to scatter, its a is changed to i, that which steps, goes is kimi = a special kind of small insect. Tara-to cross, tittira is substituted, that which crosses swiftly, goes is tittiri = a special kind of bird. Kīḷa-to play, its ī is changed to e, playing is keḷi = play. Usismā its i is changed to khaluña, that which burns, scorches is ukkhali = a pot, and similarly for others. 9. Yuvaṇṇupantā ki. From verbs ending in i or u, the suffix ki frequently occurs. Kakāra is an anubandha, isa sisa-to wish, one who wishes for good is isi = an ascetic. Gira-to swallow, that which swallows, produces, medicine, etc., which is the essence of skin and flesh is giri = a mountain. Suca-to grieve. Grieving is suci = purity, ruca-to desire, that by which one desires is ruci = desire, and similarly for others. 10. Vapa vara vasa rasa nabha hara hana paṇā iṇa. From vapa-to sow seeds, vara-to choose, to obtain, vasa-to dwell, rasa-to taste, nabha-to harm, hara-to carry, hana-to harm, paṇa-to deal, to praise, from these, iṇa occurs. That by which one sows is vāpi = a pond. That by which one chooses is vāri = water. That by which one dwells is vāsi = a carpenter's tool. That which is tasted, that which is collected by way of taste is rāsi = a heap. That which harms is nābhi = a body part. That which carries is hāri = charming. "Hanassa ghāto ṇānubandhe" (5.99) means ghāta for hana, when ṇa is an anubandha, that by which one harms is ghāti = a weapon, that which deals, speaks is pāṇi, or that by which one deals, speaks is pāṇi = a hand. 11. Bhūgamā īṇa. From bhū-to be, ama gama-to go, from these, `īṇa` occurs in the future tense. `Bhavissati` (will be) is `bhāvī` (being, about to be). `Gamissati` (will go) is `gāmī` (going, about to go). 12. `Tanda-lakkha` with `ī`. From `tanda` (laziness) and `lakkha` (seeing, marks), `ī` occurs. `Tandana` (being lazy) is `tandī` (laziness). Beings are marked by this, thus `lakkhī` (fortune, beauty). 13. `Gamā` with `ro`. From `gam` (to go), `ro` occurs. By rule (4.132), the `a` is dropped. It goes, thus `go` (animal). (Thus, the rule for vowel suffixes). 14. `I`, `bhī`, `kā`, `kara`, `ara`, `vaka`, `saka`, `vā` with `ko`. From `i` (to go, study), `bhī` (to fear), `kā/gā` (to sound), `kara` (to do), `ara` (to go), `kuka/vaka` (to take), `saka` (to be able), `vā` (to go, bind), the suffix `ka` occurs. It goes, it proceeds, thus `eto` (helpless). They fear from it, thus `bheko` (frog). It makes a sound, thus `kāko` (crow). It makes a mark, thus `kakko` (a kind of color, also meat). It goes, it moves, thus `akko` (sun, also a kind of tree). It takes rice, thus `vakkaṃ` (kidney, a part of the body). It is able, thus `sakko` (Indra, also able). It binds with this, thus `vāko` (bark, fiber). 15. `Ñukādayo` (etc. beginning with ñu). `Ñukādayo` (etc. beginning with ñu), ending in `ka` suffix, are irregularly formed. From `ūha` (to ponder), `ha` is dropped irregularly. It is pondered, it is investigated, thus `ūkā` (a kind of rice gruel). From `unda` (to wet), the initial conjunct is dropped, and `aka` (suffix). It wets, it makes liquid, thus `udakaṃ` (water). From `bhī` (to fear), `etta` is absent. They fear from it, thus `bhīko` (fearful). From `saka` (to be able), final `a` becomes `i`. It is able to hold, thus `sikkā` (a kind of carrying net). From `hā` (to abandon), it is abandoned by good people, thus `hāko` (anger). From `samba` (to adorn), `ka` becomes `uñña`. It adorns the water, thus `sambuko` (a kind of aquatic animal). From `putha/patha` (to spread), `otta` is absent, `ka` becomes `uñña`. It spreads its childhood, thus `puthuko` (child, infant). From `suca` (to grieve), they grieve by this, thus `sukkaṃ` (semen, white). From `ci` (to heap), with `upa` prefix, `etta` is absent. They heap up, thus `upacikā` (ant-hill). From `kampa` (to tremble), `kampa` becomes `paṃ`. It trembles, it moves, thus `paṅko` (mud). From `usa` (to burn), it burns, thus `ukkā` (torch, flame). Of `ka`, `muña`, `u`. sati, to burn, a firebrand. In vama-uggiraṇa, kassa miña, it is vomited, so vammiko, a heap made by ants. In masa-āmasane, sassa tthaṅa, it is touched with affection, so matthakaṃ, the head. And so for others. 16. Bhītvā nako. From bhī-bhaye, the suffix ānako occurs. From which one fears, so bhayānako, causing fear. 17. Siṅghā āṇikāṭakā. From siṅgha-ghāyaneti, the suffixes āṇika and āṭakā occur. "Itthiyamatvā" (93.260) it smells, it flows, so siṅghāṇikā, nasal discharge. It smells, it becomes one, so siṅghāṭakaṃ, a crossroads. 18. Karāditvako. From kara-karaṇe (to do), sara-gatihiṃsācintāsu (to go, harm, think), nara-naye (to lead), tara-taraṇe (to cross), vara-varaṇa sambhattīsu (to choose, enjoy), jana-janane (to produce), kara-ditti gatikantīsu (to shine, go, be beautiful), kaṭa-mandane (to adorn), kura-sadde (to sound), thu-abhitthave (to praise), and so on, the suffix ako occurs. It is done, so karako, a water pot. It does, so karakā, hailstones. Water goes into it, so sarako, a drinking vessel. Beings reach it, so narako, hell. They cross by it, so tarako, a raft. It chooses, so varako, a chosen one, also a kind of grain. It produces, so janako, a father. It shines, it plays, so kanakaṃ, gold. It crushes enemies, so kaṭakaṃ, a city. It sounds, so korako, a bud. It is praised, so thavako, a cluster. 19. Bala patehyāko. From bala-pāṇane (to live), pata patha-gamane (to go), from these, the suffix āko occurs. It lives, so balākā, a kind of bird. It goes, so patākā, a flag. 20. Sāmākādayo. Sāmāka and others are formed with āka. Sā-tanu karaṇāvasānesu, sāssa muka, it makes the body thin, so sāmāko, a kind of grass-grain. Pā-pāne, inaṅa, it drinks blood, so pināko, the bow of Mahissara. Gu-sadde, "yuvaṇṇāna miyaṅuvaṅa sare" (5.136) uvaṅa, it sounds by this, so guvako, a betel nut. Aṭa paṭa-gamanatthā, it goes, so paṭākā, a banner. Sala pila pala hula-gamanatthā, it goes, so salākā, a medical instrument. Vida-ñāṇe, it knows, so vidāko. =wise. In praise of merchants, it is said that this is his, and also a beetle, and it is said and spoken of as piññāka=sesame cake, and so are others. 21. Vicchālagamamusā kiko. From vicchā-to go, ala=to bind, ama gama-to go, musa-to steal, from these kiko is formed. Vicchati yāti iti vicchiko=insect. Alati bandhati etenāti alikaṃ=falsehood. Gacchati iti gamiko=traveler. Musā is a long designation, musati theneti iti mūsiko=mouse. 22. Kiṃkaṇikādayo. Words like kiṃkaṇikā are formed with kika at the end.