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or a painted wall, should not be leaned upon. And not only a wall, but also a door, a window, a leaning board, a stone pillar, a wooden pillar, one should not lean upon it without covering it with a robe or anything else. "Monks, I allow to lie down after spreading a cover." (Cv. 325) Thus, a place to be stepped on with washed feet, a decorated floor, or a floor-mat, a bed or chair belonging to the Sangha, should be lain upon only after spreading one's own cover. If, even when sleeping, the cover is crumpled and any part of the body touches the couch or chair, there is an offense. But if hairs touch, there are offenses according to the number of hairs. The same rule applies to one who leans for the purpose of use. The palm of the hand but it is allowable to touch or step on with the soles of the feet. If it hits the body of one carrying a couch or a chair, there is no offense. 51. "These ten, monks, are not to be saluted. One who was ordained earlier by one ordained later is not to be saluted. One who is not ordained is not to be saluted. An elder of a different communion who speaks against the Dhamma is not to be saluted. A woman is not to be saluted. A eunuch is not to be saluted. One on probation is not to be saluted. One deserving of re-commencement is not to be saluted. One deserving of penance is not to be saluted. One undergoing penance is not to be saluted. One deserving of rehabilitation is not to be saluted." (Cūḷava. 312) By this saying, these ten are to be known as not to be saluted. "One who was ordained earlier by one ordained later is to be saluted. An elder of a different communion who speaks in accordance with the Dhamma is to be saluted. The Tathāgata, Arahant, Perfectly Self-Enlightened One is to be saluted." (Cūḷava. 312) By this saying, these three are to be saluted. 52. "I allow, monks, three kinds of stuffing: tree stuffing, creeper stuffing, grass stuffing." (Cūḷava. 297) By this saying, these three kinds of stuffing are allowable. Therein (Cūḷava. Aṭṭha. 297) "tree stuffing" means the stuffing of any trees whatsoever, such as silk-cotton trees. "Creeper stuffing" means the stuffing of any creepers whatsoever, such as milk-creepers. "Grass stuffing" means the stuffing of any kinds of grass whatsoever, such as poṭakī grass, even the stuffing of sugarcane stalks and the like. By these three, all kinds of plant life are included. For there is no other plant life apart from trees, creepers, and grasses. Therefore, the stuffing of any plant life whatsoever is allowable for a pillow. However, when it comes to a mattress, all of this is called unallowable stuffing. And not only for a pillow, this stuffing is allowable, but also the hair of all birds like swans and peacocks, and of all quadrupeds like lions. However, any flowers whatsoever, such as piyaṅgu flowers and bakula flowers, are not allowable. Tamāla leaves alone are not allowable, but mixed are allowable. The five kinds of wool-stuffing allowed for mattresses are also allowable. 53. "I allow, monks, five kinds of mattresses: a wool mattress, "cloth-cushion, bark-cushion, grass-cushion, leaf-cushion" (Cūḷavagga 297) By faith, five cushions filled with five kinds of wool, etc., are allowed. Indeed, their counting is stated by the counting of stuffing. There, by the taking of 'wool', not only sheep's wool is taken, but excluding human hair, whatever hair of permissible or impermissible animal species, of birds and quadrupeds, all of it is taken here by the taking of 'wool'. Therefore, having made the cushion-cover with one of the six robes or six secondary robes, it is permissible to make a cushion by putting all that in. But even if made by putting in a blanket, four-fold or five-fold, without putting in sheep's wool, it still counts as a wool-cushion. Among the cloth-cushions, etc., a cloth-cushion is made by gathering any new cloth or old cloth and putting it inside. A bark-cushion is made by putting in any bark. A grass-cushion is made by putting in any grass. It should be understood that a leaf-cushion is made by putting in any leaves, except for pure tamāla leaves. Tamāla leaves, however, are permissible only when mixed with others. Pure ones are not permissible. And that five-fold stuffing, wool, etc., which is permissible for a cushion, it is said in the Kurundī that it is also permissible for a mattress. By this, it is established that a mattress is permissible to use. There is no fixed size for a cushion, a bed-cushion, a seat-cushion, a floor-mat-cushion, a walking-place-cushion, a foot-wiping-cushion— considering what is appropriate for these, the size should be made according to one's preference. A pillow, however, must be of a suitable size. 54. "Monks, half-body pillows are not to be used. Whoever uses one incurs an offense of wrong-doing." (Cūḷavagga 297) Those which extend from the waist up to the head, such pillows of half-body size are forbidden. "Monks, I allow a head-sized pillow." (Cūḷavagga 297) A head-sized pillow is allowed. A head-sized one means Whose width, at the three corners, the space between two corners, when measured, is a span and four fingers. The middle part is a fist-cubit. "But in length, one and a half cubits or two cubits," is said in the Kurundi. This is the maximum limit for the head-pillow's measure. Beyond this, it is not allowed. Below this, it is allowed. For one not sick, a head-pillow and a foot-pillow, only these two are allowed. For one who is sick, having spread out many pillows, and having placed a covering on top, it is allowed even to lie down. "But those five permissible fillings allowed for cushions, with them, even a large pillow is allowed," so said Thera Phussadeva. But Thera Upatissa, the Vinaya-holder, said: "For one making a pillow, by putting in permissible or non-permissible filling, only the [prescribed] measure is allowed." 55. "I allow, monks, a chair," by this statement, a chair, which is a square stool, is allowed. And that, "I allow, monks, even a high chair," by this statement, even one with legs higher than eight fingers is allowed. Indeed, only a long stool on one side, with legs higher than eight fingers, is not allowed. Therefore, even a square stool exceeding the measure is allowed. "I allow, monks, a seven-part seat," by this statement, having made a backrest on three sides, any such is allowed. "I allow, monks, even a high seven-part seat," by this statement, this too, exceeding the measure, is allowed. "I allow, monks, a fine stool," and so on, allowed in the Pāli, a cane stool, a stool bound with cloth, a goat-foot stool made like a dining board by placing feet on a wooden plank, a round-legged stool with many legs arranged like an āmalaka fruit, a straw stool, and a plank stool, and any other wooden stool not mentioned in the Pāli is allowed. "Monks, not on high m If one should lie down, whoever lies down, there is an offense of dukkaṭa. According to this, for one who lies on a bed exceeding the measure, there is a dukkaṭa. But for one who makes it or causes it to be made, there is a pācittiya for cutting. Having received one made by another, one should cut it and use it. If one does not wish to cut it, one may bury it in the ground showing the measure above, or turn it upside down and use it, or lift it up, place it on a beam or rafter, make it into a shelf, and use it. This is permissible. "Monks, high bed-legs should not be kept. Whoever keeps them, there is an offense of dukkaṭa. Monks, I permit bed-legs up to eight finger-breadths at most." According to this, bed-legs up to eight finger-breadths at most by human finger-measure are permissible. Beyond that, they are not permissible. 56. "Monks, high couches and large couches should not be kept. That is to say: a long chair, a divan, a goat-hair rug, a variegated rug, a white woollen rug, a thick woollen rug, a cotton quilt, a rug with figures of lions and tigers, a rug with hair on both sides, a rug with hair on one side, a silk rug, a rug embroidered with gold, an elephant rug, a horse rug, a chariot rug, an antelope-skin rug, a rug of deer-skin, a rug with a canopy, a cushion with red coverings on both sides. Whoever keeps them, there is an offense of dukkaṭa." According to this, high couches and large couches are not permissible. Therein, a high couch is a bed exceeding the measure. A large couch is an improper covering. Among the long chair and so on, a long chair is a seat exceeding the measure. A divan is one made by placing lion-figures at the feet. A goat-hair rug is a large, long-haired blanket. Its hairs are said to be more than four finger-breadths. A variegated rug is a woollen rug embroidered with jewels. A white woollen rug is a white woollen covering. A thick woollen rug is a thick, flowered, woollen-haired covering, which is also called an "amalaka cloth." A cotton quilt is a regular cotton quilt. A rug with figures of lions and tigers is a woollen covering variegated with figures of lions, tigers, etc. A rug with hair on both sides is woollen with hair grown on one side. A woollen rug. "One-sided woolly" means a woollen rug with wool raised on both sides. "Kaṭṭissa" means a coverlet made of silk floss, embroidered with jewels. "Koseyya" means a coverlet made of silk thread, embroidered with jewels; but pure silk is permissible. "Kuttaka" means a woollen rug suitable for sixteen dancing girls to stand and dance upon. Elephant-rugs and horse-rugs are simply rugs for the backs of elephants and horses. The same applies to chariot-rugs. "Antelope-skin rug" means a rug made by sewing together antelope skins to the size of a bed. "Best coverlet of kadalimiga skin" means a coverlet made from a type of deer skin called kadalimiga. They say it is made by spreading and sewing the kadalimiga skin over a white cloth. "With an upper covering" means with an upper covering, that is, with a red canopy tied above.