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it is permissible to tread upon it. By "Monks, I allow one to tread upon a foot-washing cloth," it is permissible to tread upon a spread mat for the purpose of treading with washed feet at a foot-washing place. 37. "Monks, a kataka should not be used. Whoever uses it, there is an offense of wrong-doing." By this, a kataka is not permissible. Kataka means something made in the shape of a lotus pericarp, with thorns raised up, for rubbing the feet. Whether it is round or of a square or other shape, it is forbidden due to being conducive to luxury. It is not permissible to accept it, nor to use it. By "Monks, I allow three foot-rubbers: gravel, a potsherd, sea-foam," rubbing the feet with gravel, etc., is permissible. Sakkhara is called stone. Stone-foam is also permissible. 38. "Monks, a yak-tail fan should not be held. Whoever holds it, there is an offense of wrong-doing." By this, a fan made of yak-tails is not is allowable. “Monks, I allow a mosquito fan. Monks, I allow three kinds of fans: made of bark, made of usīra grass, made of peacock feathers. Monks, I allow a whisk and a palm-leaf fan,” according to this saying, a mosquito fan and so on are allowable. Therein, “whisk” means a fan. A palm-leaf fan, whether made from palm leaves, or from bamboo splints, or from peacock feathers, or from leather pieces, all are allowable. A mosquito fan with a handle made of ivory or horn is also allowable. Included in fans made of bark are those made from ketaka, pārohaka, and kuntāla leaves, etc. 39. “Monks, a parasol should not be carried. Whoever carries one, there is an offense of wrong-doing. Monks, I allow a parasol for a sick person,” according to this saying, a parasol should not be carried by one who is not sick. But for one who has a burning sensation in the body, or a bile disorder, or weak eyes, or any other ailment that arises without a parasol, for such a one, in the village or in the wilderness, a parasol is allowable. In the rainy season, it is also allowable for the protection of robes, and for self-protection from dangers of wild animals, beasts, and thieves. A single-leaf parasol, however, is allowable everywhere. “Monks, I allow a parasol to be carried even by one who is not sick in the monastery and its precincts,” according to this saying, it is allowable for even one who is not sick to carry a parasol in the monastery and its precincts. 40. “Monks, long nails should not be kept. Whoever keeps them, there is an offense of wrong-doing. Monks, I allow nails to be cut to the measure of the flesh,” according to this saying, long nails should be cut. “Monks, twenty-fold polishing should not be done. Whoever does it, there is an offense of wrong-doing. Monks, I allow only the dirt to be removed,” according to this saying, it is not allowable to have twenty-fold polishing on the nails. But it is allowable to remove only the dirt from the nails. “Monks, hair in the private parts should not be removed. Whoever removes it, there is an offense of wrong-doing." Therefore. "I allow, monks, on account of illness, to have hair removed in the private parts." By this saying, it is not proper to have hair removed in the private parts without an illness such as a boil or a wound. "Monks, long nose hair should not be kept. Whoever keeps it, there is an offense of wrong-doing." By this saying, it is proper to have nose hair removed with tweezers. Even if nose hair is removed with sugar or other means, there is no offense. But for the sake of protection, "I allow, monks, tweezers," thus tweezers are permitted. "Monks, grey hair should not be removed. Whoever removes it, there is an offense of wrong-doing." By this saying, it is not proper to have grey hair removed. But if hair, whether grey or not grey, has grown on the eyebrow, or on the forehead, or on the chin, and has become unsightly, it is proper to have such hair removed. 41. "Monks, a village should not be entered without a waist-band. Whoever enters, there is an offense of wrong-doing." By this saying, a village should not be entered without a waist-band. If one leaves without tying it, it should be tied wherever one remembers. It is proper to go with the thought, "I will tie it in the assembly hall." But until one remembers and ties it, one should not go for alms. 42. "Monks, lay clothing should not be worn. Whoever wears it, there is an offense of wrong-doing." From this and other sayings, lay clothing should not be worn in the manner of an elephant's trunk, etc. Lay covering should not be worn in the manner of a white cloth, etc. It should not be worn by tying a loincloth like wrestlers or laborers. It is not proper to wear it in this way even for a sick person or one on a journey. Also, when going on a journey, if they lift one or two corners and attach them above the inner robe, or wear one saffron robe inside in that manner and another outside, all of it is not proper. But a sick person may show the fold of the inner saffron robe and wear another above it. Furthermore, by one who is not sick, wearing two robes, they should be worn properly. 43. "Monks, a double-ended carrying pole should not be carried. Whoever carries it, there is an offense of wrong-doing." Thus, it is not proper to carry a double-ended carrying pole. "Monks, I allow a single-ended carrying pole, an intermediate carrying pole, a head-load, a shoulder-load, a hip-load, a dangling load." Thus, it is proper to carry a single-ended carrying pole, and so on. 44. "Monks, a long tooth-stick should not be chewed. Whoever chews it, there is an offense of wrong-doing." Thus, a long tooth-stick should not be chewed. "Monks, I allow a tooth-stick of eight finger-breadths at most. Monks, I allow a tooth-stick of four finger-breadths at least." Thus, a tooth-stick of eight finger-breadths at most and four finger-breadths at least, by human finger-breadths, should be chewed. 45. "Monks, a tree should not be climbed. Whoever climbs it, there is an offense of wrong-doing. Monks, I allow, when there is a reason, to climb a tree up to a man's height; in dangers, as much as needed." Thus, a tree should not be climbed. But when there is a task like gathering dry wood, it is proper to climb up to a man's height. "In dangers" means seeing wild animals, or being lost and wanting to look for directions, or seeing a forest fire or a flood coming, it is proper to climb even a very high tree. 46. "Monks, the word of the Buddha should not be put into meter. Whoever puts it into meter, there is an offense of wrong-doing. Monks, I allow to learn the word of the Buddha in one's own dialect." Thus, it is not proper to recite the word of the Buddha in the Sanskrit language, like the Vedas. But it should be learned in one's own Magadhan dialect. 47. "Monks, Lokāyata should not be learned. Whoever learns it, there is an offense of wrong-doing." Thus, from this and similar sayings, that which is called Lokāyata, "all..." All is defiled, All is undefiled, A white crow, A black heron— For this and that reason, Such meaningless reasons Connected with heretical doctrines Should not be learned, Nor taught to others. Nor should animal lore be learned, Nor taught to others. 48. “Monks, when one sneezes, ‘Live long!’ should not be said. Whoever says it, There is an offense of wrong-doing. I allow, monks, When laypeople say ‘May you live, venerable sir,’ To say ‘May you live long.’” According to this, When one sneezes, “Live long!” should not be said. But when a layperson says “May you live,” It is permissible to say “May you live long.” 49. “Monks, garlic should not be eaten. Whoever eats it, There is an offense of wrong-doing. I allow, monks, To eat garlic due to illness.” According to this, Without illness, It is not permissible to eat garlic. But when it is put into Soups and curries, It is permissible. For when it is cooked In mung bean soup and the like, Or in fish and meat preparations, Or in oil, Or in jujube and other fruits, Or in sour vegetables and the like, Or in other ingredients, Wherever it is put, Even in gruel and rice, It is permissible. 50. “Monks, with unwashed feet, A lodging should not be trodden upon. Whoever treads upon it, There is an offense of wrong-doing.” According to this, With unwashed feet, Lodgings like beds and chairs, Or a prepared floor, Should not be trodden upon. “Monks, with wet feet, A lodging should not be trodden upon. Whoever treads upon it, There is an offense of wrong-doing.” According to this, With such wet feet Where water is evident On the trodden place, A prepared floor or lodging Should not be trodden upon. But if only a trace of moisture is evident, Not water, It is permissible. However, a doormat May be trodden upon even with wet feet. “Monks, with sandals on, A lodging should not be trodden upon. Whoever treads upon it, "One should not step with shod feet on a place where one would step with washed feet," (Cv. 324) thus, it is not proper to step with shod feet on a place where one would step with washed feet. "Monks, one should not spit on a prepared floor. Whoever spits, there is an offense of wrong-doing." (Cv. 324) Thus, one should not spit on a prepared floor. "Monks, I allow a spittoon." (Cv. 324) Thus, one should spit into an allowed spittoon. "Monks, I allow to wrap with a cloth." (Cv. 324) Thus, when placing a couch or chair on a plastered floor or a decorated floor, if there is no mat or rush-mat, the legs of the couch or chair should be wrapped with a cloth. If that is not available, it is proper to spread even a leaf. But for one who places it without spreading anything, there is an offense of wrong-doing. However, if the residents there place it even on the floor without spreading anything, and use it even with unwashed feet, it is proper to use it in the same way. "Monks, a prepared wall should not be leaned upon. Whoever leans upon it, there is an offense of wrong-doing." (Cv. 324) Thus, a prepared wall, whether it is a white wall