English
By others' propagation of praise means by the propagation of praise initiated by others in a continuous manner. 172.Coarseness of the robe means the coarseness of the robe due to its bad color etc. Coarseness of the bowl means the coarseness of the bowl due to its color, shape, and material. Coarseness of the lodging means the coarseness of the lodging due to the absence of theatrical performances etc. Variety means of various kinds, due to being naked ascetics etc. Difficult practices means tormenting the body. Another way - for among these four types of people, one who is pleased taking form as the standard is called one who judges by form. "Pleased with form" is a statement of the same meaning. One who is pleased taking sound as the standard is called one who judges by sound. One who is pleased taking coarseness of robes and coarseness of bowls as the standard is called one who judges by coarseness. One who is pleased taking the Dhamma as the standard is called one who judges by the Dhamma. The others are statements of the same meanings. And having made all beings into three parts, two parts are those who judge by form, one is not one who judges by form. Having made five parts, four parts are those who judge by sound, one is not one who judges by sound. Having made ten parts, nine parts are those who judge by coarseness, one is not one who judges by coarseness. But having made a hundred thousand parts, only one part is one who judges by the Dhamma, the rest are not ones who judge by the Dhamma. Thus, this community of beings is one with four standards. In this community of beings with four standards, those who are not pleased with the Buddhas are few, those who are pleased are many. Pleased with form, For there is no form more inspiring than the Buddha's form. For the Buddhas, whose voices are immeasurable, there is no voice more inspiring than the sound of their fame. Though possessing fine Kāsika cloths, precious golden vessels, and a splendid mansion suitable for all three seasons, endowed with every prosperity, the Buddha, who dwells in robes made of rags, at the foot of trees, and in simple lodgings, there is no simplicity more inspiring than his. For the Tathāgata, possessing extraordinary virtues such as morality in the world with its deities, there is no virtue more inspiring than his virtues such as morality. Thus, the Blessed One stands as if holding this four-measured world in his fist. 173. Among those who practice for their own benefit, "endowed with morality" means possessing and being complete with morality. The same method applies to "endowed with concentration" and so on. Here, morality is spoken of as mundane and supramundane. Likewise, concentration and wisdom. Liberation is solely the liberation of the fruit of Arahatship. Knowledge and vision is the nineteen kinds of reviewing knowledge. In "not others," he does not encourage or persuade another person to adopt morality by saying, "You too should be endowed with morality," and thus lead them to embrace morality. The same method applies everywhere. Among these four, the first is like the Elder Vakkali. The second is like Upananda Sakyaputta. The third is like the Elders Sāriputta and Moggallāna. The fourth should be understood as being like Devadatta. 174. Among those who torment themselves, "one who torments himself" means one who afflicts and causes suffering to himself. The practice of self-torment, the devotion to self-mortification. "Naked" means without clothes, nude. "Of abandoned conduct" means of unrestrained behavior. He performs acts of excretion and so on, devoid of the conduct of noble youths in the world, he stands and performs excretion, urination, eats, and consumes food. "Hand-licker" means when the lump of food in his hand is finished, he licks his hand with his tongue. Or, having excreted, he thinks of his hand as a stick and licks his hand with it. He shows this. They, it seems, declare a staff to be the seventh. Therefore, fulfilling their practice, he does thus. When told, "Come, venerable one," for the purpose of alms-gathering, he does not come, hence, he is a "non-come-venerable-one." Then, when told, "Stay, venerable one," he does not stay, hence, he is a "non-stay-venerable-one." Even both of these, the sectarians do not do, thinking, "His word will be done." They bring forward alms brought, having taken them beforehand. "Made-for-a-specific-person" means alms announced thus, "This is made for you." He does not accept an invitation, he does not accept or take alms invited thus, "You should enter such-and-such a family, street, or village." "Not-from-a-pot-mouth" means he does not take alms being given, having taken them from a pot. "Not-from-a-ladle-mouth" means a ladle is a cooking pot or a basket. He does not take from that either. Why? Because pots and ladles receive blows from the ladle. "Not-across-a-threshold" means he does not take alms being given, having made a threshold in between. Why? Because this one receives an intervening act because of me. The same method applies to sticks and pestles. "From two," means when two are eating, he does not take from one who gets up and gives. Why? Because there is an interruption of the mouthful. But in "not from a pregnant woman," etc., the child struggles in the pregnant woman's belly. For a nursing woman, there is an interruption of the child's milk. For a woman between men, there is an interruption of pleasure, so he does not take. "Not in prearranged places" means in meals arranged by prearrangement. It seems that in times of famine, the naked ascetics' disciples collect rice and other things from here and there for the sake of the naked ascetics and cook a meal, but the chief naked ascetic does not accept from that. "Not where there is a dog" means where a dog is present, thinking, "I will get a morsel," he does not take what is brought without giving to it. Why? Because there is an interruption of the morsel for it. "Wandering in groups" means wandering in groups of groups. For if, seeing a naked ascetic, people enter the dining hall thinking, "We will give alms to this one," and while they are entering, When flies, hidden in places like lip-ointments, fly out and swarm around, he does not accept the brought food. Why? Because, depending on me, an obstruction to the flies' feeding ground has arisen. "Thusodaka" means sovīraka made with all kinds of grain ingredients. Here, only the drinking of intoxicants is blameworthy. But he perceives even this as blameworthy. "One-house-goer" is one who, having obtained alms in only one house, returns. "One-morsel-eater" is one who sustains himself with only one morsel. The same method applies to "two-house-goer" and so on. "With one ladleful" means with one ladleful. A "ladle" is a small bowl in which the first portion of food is placed and kept. "One-day-interval" means with a one-day interval. "Half-month-interval" means with a half-month interval. "Eating food by turns" means eating food by rotation. Eating food brought in turns by the day, two days, seven days, half a month – thus, eating food brought in turns by the day. "Vegetable-eater" means eating fresh vegetables. "Sāmāka-eater" means eating sāmāka rice. Among nīvāra and so on – nīvāra is a type of rice that grows wild in the forest. "Daddula" means scraps discarded by leather workers after scraping leather. "Haṭa" is also called phlegm, algae, or resin from trees like the karnikara. "Kaṇa" means bran. "Ācāma" is scorched rice stuck to the bottom of the cooking pot. He takes and eats it from the place where it was discarded. They also call it "rice gruel." Piññāka and others are well-known. "Eating fallen fruit" means eating fruit that has fallen. "Sāṇāni" means robes made of sāṇa bark. "Masāṇāni" means mixed robes. "Chavadussāni" means cloths discarded from dead bodies. Or dwellings made by weaving together eraka grass and so on. "Paṃsukūlāni" means endless cloths discarded on the ground. "Tirīṭāni" means robes made of tree bark. "Ajina" means the skin of an ajina deer. "Ajinakkhipa" means the same skin split in the middle. They also call it "sakhuraka." "Kusacīra" means a loincloth made by weaving kusa grass. The same method applies to loincloths made of bark or phala. "Kesakambala" means a blanket made of human hair. With reference to which it was said – "s Just as, monks, of all cloths woven on a loom, a blanket made of hair is considered the worst. A blanket made of hair means a blanket made of horsehair, etc. Owl's wing means a dwelling made by stringing together owl feathers. Ubbhaṭṭhaka means standing upright. Devoted to the practice of squatting means devoted to the effort of squatting. Even while walking, he goes by squatting and hopping. Relying on thorns means fixing iron thorns or natural thorns in the ground, spreading a hide over them, and doing standing and walking exercises there. Lying down means he arranges his bed there as well. Evening third means the third time in the evening. "In the morning, at midday, and in the evening, I will wash away evil three times a day," he lives devoted to the practice of descending into the water. 175. Tormenting others means a tormentor. Devoted to tormenting others, devoted to the torment of others. Among butchers, urabbhā means goats. One who kills goats is a butcher. The same method applies to pig-slaughterers, etc. Cruel means harsh and rough. Fisherman means a fish trapper, a fisherman. Prison guard means a guard of the prison house. Cruel deeds means harsh deeds. 176. Anointed on the head means anointed on the head with the anointing of a king. East of the city means to the east of the city. Sandhāgāra means a sacrificial hall. Having spread a hide with hooves means having spread a hide with hooves still attached. With ghee and oil means with both ghee and oil. Having kept the ghee, whatever fat remains is called oil.