English
this is called "name". Therein, what is form? That form on which the mind-consciousness element depends – this is called "form". Thus, this is name, and this is form. This is called "name-and-form". Therein, what is consciousness, too, conditioned by name-and-form? That mind, mentality, mental state... (etc.) ...the mind-consciousness element born thereof – this is called "consciousness, too, conditioned by name-and-form". The six sense bases conditioned by name-and-form. There is name, there is form. Therein, what is name? The aggregate of feeling, the aggregate of perception, the aggregate of mental formations – this is called "name". Therein, what is form? The four great elements, and that form on which the mind-consciousness element depends – this is called "form". Thus, this is name, and this is form. This is called "name-and-form". Therein, what are the six sense bases conditioned by name-and-form? The eye base, the ear base, the nose base, the tongue base, the body base, the mind base – this is called "the six sense bases conditioned by name-and-form". Therein, what is name-and-form, too, conditioned by the sixth sense base? There is name, there is form. Therein, what is name? The aggregate of feeling, the aggregate of perception, the aggregate of mental formations – this is called "name". Therein, what is form? The accumulation of the eye base, the accumulation of the ear base, the accumulation of the nose base, the accumulation of the tongue base, the accumulation of the body base, or whatever other form there is, born of mind, caused by mind, arisen from mind – this is called "form". Thus, this is name, and this is form. This is called "name-and-form, too, conditioned by the sixth sense base". form. Therein, what is contact conditioned by the sixth sense-base? That which is contact, touching, full touching, the state of having fully touched – this is called "contact conditioned by the sixth sense-base." Therein, what is the sixth sense-base conditioned by contact? That which is mind, mentality, the mental… the mind-consciousness element born of that – this is called "the sixth sense-base conditioned by contact." Therein, what is feeling conditioned by contact? That which is mental pleasantness, mental happiness, pleasantness born of mind-contact, happiness born of mind-contact, felt pleasantness, felt happiness, pleasant feeling born of mind-contact, happy feeling born of mind-contact – this is called "feeling conditioned by contact." … Therefore it is said: "Thus there is the arising of this entire mass of suffering." Mutual Tetrad. 9. Description of Unwholesome States 280. What are unwholesome states? At the time when unwholesome consciousness has arisen, accompanied by joy, associated with wrong view, with prompting… accompanied by joy, unassociated with wrong view, with a visual object, or… accompanied by joy, unassociated with wrong view, with prompting, with a visual object, or with an auditory object, or with an olfactory object, or with a gustatory object, or with a tactile object, or with a mental object, or whatever it may be that is taken as an object, at that time, conditioned by ignorance, there is volitional formation; conditioned by volitional formation, there is consciousness; conditioned by consciousness, there is mentality; conditioned by mentality, there is the sixth sense-base; conditioned by the sixth sense-base, there is contact; conditioned by contact, there is feeling; conditioned by feeling, there is craving; conditioned by craving, there is determination; conditioned by determination, there is becoming; conditioned by becoming, there is birth; conditioned by birth, there is old age and death. Thus there is the arising of this entire mass of suffering. 281. Therein, what is ignorance? That which is unknowing, not seeing… the fetter of ignorance, delusion, the root of unwholesome states – this is called "ignorance." Therein, what is volitional formation conditioned by ignorance? That which is volition, intending, the state of having intended – this is called "volitional formation conditioned by ignorance." … Therein, what is determination conditioned by craving? That which is the mind's determination, That which is deciding, that state of being resolved – this is called "resolution conditioned by craving." Therein, what is existence conditioned by resolution? Excluding resolution, the aggregate of feeling, the aggregate of perception, the aggregate of mental formations, the aggregate of consciousness – this is called "existence conditioned by resolution." ... Therefore it is said: "Thus arises this entire mass of suffering." 282. Which states are unwholesome? At the time when an unwholesome mind has arisen, accompanied by equanimity, connected with wrong view, with a visible object, or with a sound object, or with an odor object, or with a taste object, or with a tangible object, or with a mental object, or whatever it may be based upon, at that time, formations are conditioned by ignorance, consciousness is conditioned by formations, mentality is conditioned by consciousness, the sixth sense-base is conditioned by mentality, contact is conditioned by the sixth sense-base, feeling is conditioned by contact, craving is conditioned by feeling, clinging is conditioned by craving, existence is conditioned by clinging, birth is conditioned by existence, aging and death are conditioned by birth. Thus arises this entire mass of suffering. 283. Therein, what is ignorance? That which is not knowing, not seeing... ... the root of unwholesome states, the delusion of ignorance – this is called ignorance. ... Therein, what is feeling conditioned by contact? That which is mental, neither pleasant nor unpleasant, born of mental contact, neither painful nor pleasurable experience, feeling born of mental contact, neither painful nor pleasurable – this is called "feeling conditioned by contact." ... Therefore it is said: "Thus arises this entire mass of suffering." 284. Which states are unwholesome? At the time when an unwholesome mind has arisen, accompanied by equanimity, connected with wrong view, with prompting... ... accompanied by equanimity, disconnected from wrong view, with a visible object, or... ... accompanied by equanimity, disconnected from wrong view, with prompting, with a visible object, or with a sound object, or with an odor object, or with a taste object, or with a tangible object, or with a mental object... or whatever object, or whatever it may be, at that time, due to ignorance, volitional formations, due to volitional formations, consciousness, due to consciousness, mentality, due to mentality, the sixth sense base, due to the sixth sense base, contact, due to contact, feeling, due to feeling, craving, due to craving, determination, due to determination, becoming, due to becoming, birth, due to birth, old age and death. Thus is the origin of this entire mass of suffering. 285. What is ignorance there? ... Therefore it is said: "Thus is the origin of this entire mass of suffering." 286. What are unwholesome states? At what time an unwholesome mind arises, accompanied by displeasure, associated with aversion, with a visible object, or... accompanied by displeasure, associated with aversion, with prompting, with a visible object, or a sound object, or an odor object, or a taste object, or a tangible object, or a mind object, or whatever it may be, having arisen, at that time, due to ignorance, volitional formations, due to volitional formations, consciousness, due to consciousness, mentality, due to mentality, the sixth sense base, due to the sixth sense base, contact, due to contact, feeling, due to feeling, aversion, due to aversion, determination, due to determination, becoming, due to becoming, birth, due to birth, old age and death. Thus is the origin of this entire mass of suffering. 287. What is ignorance there? That which is not knowing, not seeing... the defilement of ignorance, delusion, the root of unwholesome states – this is called "ignorance"... this is called "due to the sixth sense base, contact." What is "due to contact, feeling" there? That which is mental unpleasantness, mental suffering, unpleasant and painful feeling born of mental contact – this is called "due to contact, feeling." What is "due to feeling, aversion" there? That which is resentment of mind... fierceness, ill-will, discontent of mind... This is called "from feeling, aversion." Therein, what is from aversion, determination? That determination of mind, that resolve, that being intent on it— this is called "from aversion, determination." Therein, what is from determination, existence? Excluding determination, the aggregate of feeling, the aggregate of perception, the aggregate of mental formations, the aggregate of consciousness— this is called "from determination, existence." ...and so on... Therefore it is said, "Thus is the origin of this whole mass of suffering." 288. Which states are unwholesome? At the time when an unwholesome mind has arisen, accompanied by equanimity, associated with doubt, having a visible form as object, or a sound as object, or an odor as object, or a taste as object, or a tangible object as object, or a mental object as object, or whatever else it may be based on, at that time, from ignorance, formations; from formations, consciousness; from consciousness, name; from name, the sixth sense base; from the sixth sense base, contact; from contact, feeling; from feeling, doubt; from doubt, existence; from existence, birth; from birth, aging and death. Thus is the origin of this whole mass of suffering. 289. Therein, what is ignorance? That unknowing, that not seeing... ...and so on... the chain of ignorance, delusion, the root of unwholesomeness— this is called "ignorance." ...and so on... this is called "from the sixth sense base, contact." Therein, what is from contact, feeling? That mental feeling