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6. Analysis of Dependent Origination 1. Discourse Division 225. Ignorance conditions volitional formations, volitional formations condition consciousness, consciousness conditions name-and-form, name-and-form conditions the six sense bases, the six sense bases condition contact, contact conditions feeling, feeling conditions craving, craving conditions clinging, clinging conditions becoming, becoming conditions birth, birth conditions old age and death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, displeasure, and despair arise. Thus arises this entire mass of suffering. 226. What then is ignorance? Ignorance of suffering, ignorance of the origin of suffering, ignorance of the cessation of suffering, ignorance of the path leading to the cessation of suffering – this is called "ignorance." What then are the volitional formations conditioned by ignorance? Meritorious volitional formation, demeritorious volitional formation, imperturbable volitional formation, bodily volitional formation, verbal volitional formation, mental volitional formation. What then is the meritorious volitional formation? Wholesome volition in the sense-sphere, in the form-sphere, consisting of giving, consisting of morality, consisting of development – this is called "meritorious volitional formation." What then is the demeritorious volitional formation? Unwholesome volition in the sense-sphere – this is called "demeritorious volitional formation." What then is the imperturbable volitional formation? Wholesome volition in the formless-sphere – this is called "imperturbable volitional formation." What then is the bodily volitional formation? Bodily volition is bodily volitional formation, verbal volition is verbal volitional formation, mental volition is mental volitional formation. These are called "volitional formations conditioned by ignorance." 227. What then is consciousness conditioned by volitional formations? Eye-consciousness, ear-consciousness, nose-consciousness, tongue-consciousness, body-consciousness, mind-consciousness – this is called "consciousness conditioned by volitional formations." 228. What then is name-and-form conditioned by consciousness? There is name, there is form. What then is name? The aggregate of feeling, the aggregate of perception, the aggregate of volitional formations – this is called "name." What then is form? The four great elements, and the four and form dependent on the great elements – this is called "form". Thus, this is mentality, and this is form. This is called "mentality-and-form conditioned by consciousness". 229. Therein, what is the six sense bases conditioned by mentality-and-form? The eye base, the ear base, the nose base, the tongue base, the body base, the mind base – this is called "the six sense bases conditioned by mentality-and-form". 230. Therein, what is contact conditioned by the six sense bases? Eye contact, ear contact, nose contact, tongue contact, body contact, mind contact – this is called "contact conditioned by the six sense bases". 231. Therein, what is feeling conditioned by contact? Feeling born of eye contact, feeling born of ear contact, feeling born of nose contact, feeling born of tongue contact, feeling born of body contact, feeling born of mind contact – this is called "feeling conditioned by contact". 232. Therein, what is craving conditioned by feeling? Craving for forms, craving for sounds, craving for odors, craving for tastes, craving for tangibles, craving for mental objects – this is called "craving conditioned by feeling". 233. Therein, what is clinging conditioned by craving? Clinging to sensual pleasures, clinging to views, clinging to rites and rituals, clinging to a doctrine of self – this is called "clinging conditioned by craving". 234. Therein, what is existence conditioned by clinging? Existence is of two kinds: there is kamma-existence, there is rebirth-existence. Therein, what is kamma-existence? Meritorious volitional formations, demeritorious volitional formations, imperturbable volitional formations – this is called "kamma-existence". All kamma leading to existence is kamma-existence. Therein, what is rebirth-existence? Sensual existence, form existence, formless existence, percipient existence, non-percipient existence, neither-percipient-nor-non-percipient existence, one-constituent existence, four-constituent existence, five-constituent existence – this is called "rebirth-existence". Thus, this is kamma-existence, and this is rebirth-existence. This is called "existence conditioned by clinging". 235. Therein, what is birth conditioned by existence? That which for them For those beings in this and that class of beings: birth, rebirth, descent, coming into existence, the manifestation of the aggregates, the acquisition of the sense bases – this is called "birth conditioned by existence". 236. Therein, what is aging-and-death conditioned by birth? There is aging, there is death. Therein, what is aging? That among those beings in this and that class of beings: aging, decrepitude, broken teeth, gray hair, wrinkled skin, the decline of life, the decay of the faculties – this is called "aging". Therein, what is death? That among those beings from this and that class of beings: passing away, falling away, breaking up, disappearance, death, dying, completion of time, the breaking up of the aggregates, the laying down of the body, the cutting off of the life-faculty – this is called "death". Thus, this aging, and this death. This is called "aging-and-death conditioned by birth". 237. Therein, what is sorrow? For one afflicted by loss of relatives, or afflicted by loss of wealth, or afflicted by loss due to illness, or afflicted by loss of virtue, or afflicted by loss of right view, for one endowed with this or that misfortune, for one touched by this or that painful state: sorrow, grieving, the state of being sorrowful, inner sorrow, deep inner sorrow, burning of the mind, distress, the dart of sorrow – this is called "sorrow". 238. Therein, what is lamentation? For one afflicted by loss of relatives, or afflicted by loss of wealth, or afflicted by loss due to illness, or afflicted by loss of virtue, or afflicted by loss of right view, for one endowed with this or that misfortune, for one touched by this or that painful state: lamenting, wailing, the act of lamenting, the act of wailing, the state of having lamented, the state of having wailed, speech of babbling, incoherent speech, babbling, the act of babbling, the state of having babbled – this is called "lamentation". 239. Therein, what is pain? That which is bodily unpleasant, bodily pain, unpleasant pain born of bodily contact. A feeling born of bodily contact, unpleasant, painful sensation— this is called "pain." 240. Therein, what is mental pain? That which is mentally unpleasant, mentally painful, an unpleasant, painful feeling born of mental contact, an unpleasant, painful sensation born of mental contact— this is called "mental pain." 241. Therein, what is despair? For one afflicted by loss of relatives, or afflicted by loss of wealth, or afflicted by disease, or afflicted by loss of virtue, or afflicted by loss of view, for one endowed with some other misfortune, for one afflicted by some other painful phenomenon— anguish, despair, the state of being anguished, the state of being despaired— this is called "despair." 242. Thus is the origin of this entire mass of suffering. Thus of this entire mass of suffering there is coming together, there is meeting, there is combination, there is manifestation. Therefore it is said: "Thus is the origin of this entire mass of suffering." The Suttanta Exposition. 2. The Abhidhamma Exposition 1. The Tetrad of Conditions 243. Ignorance is the condition for volitional formations; volitional formations are the condition for consciousness; consciousness is the condition for mentality; mentality is the condition for the six sense bases; the six sense bases are the condition for contact; contact is the condition for feeling; feeling is the condition for craving; craving is the condition for clinging; clinging is the condition for becoming; becoming is the condition for birth; birth is the condition for aging and death. Thus is the origin of this entire mass of suffering. Ignorance is the condition for volitional formations; volitional formations are the condition for consciousness; consciousness is the condition for mentality; mentality is the condition for contact; contact is the condition for feeling; feeling is the condition for craving; craving is the condition for clinging; clinging is the condition for becoming; becoming is the condition for birth; birth is the condition for aging and death. Thus is the origin of this entire mass of suffering. Ignorance is the condition for volitional formations; volitional formations are the condition for consciousness; consciousness is the condition for mentality-materiality; mentality-materiality is the condition for the six sense bases. from the six sense bases, contact; from contact, feeling; from feeling, craving; from craving, clinging; from clinging, becoming; from becoming, birth; from birth, aging and death. Thus is the origin of this whole mass of suffering. From ignorance, volitional formations; from volitional formations, consciousness; from consciousness, mind-and-matter; from mind-and-matter, the six sense bases; from the six sense bases, contact; from contact, feeling; from feeling, craving; from craving, clinging; from clinging, becoming; from becoming, birth; from birth, aging and death. Thus is the origin of this whole mass of suffering. The Tetrad of Conditions. 2. The Tetrad of Causes 244. From ignorance, volitional formations, caused by ignorance; from volitional formations, consciousness, caused by volitional formations; from consciousness, mind, caused by consciousness; from mind, the six sense bases, caused by mind;