English
Thus, the sign is the binding. Like the teeth of a saw, so are the in-breaths and out-breaths. Just as when a man's mindfulness is established on the teeth of a saw touching a tree, he does not pay attention to the saw teeth coming or going, nor are the saw teeth coming or going unknown to him, and the effort is discerned, and the application is accomplished. Even so, a bhikkhu, having established mindfulness at the tip of the nose or at the sign of the mouth, sits, he does not pay attention to the in-breaths and out-breaths coming or going, nor are the in-breaths and out-breaths coming or going unknown to him, and the effort is discerned, and the application is accomplished. He attains distinction and effort. What is effort? For one who has aroused energy, both body and mind become workable – this is effort. What is application? For one who has aroused energy, defilements are abandoned, thoughts subside – this is application. What is distinction? For one who has aroused energy, fetters are abandoned, latent tendencies are eradicated. This is distinction. Thus, these three qualities are not objects of a single mind, nor are these three qualities unknown, nor does the mind go astray, and effort is discerned, and application is accomplished, and distinction is attained. 160. Whose mindfulness of breathing is complete and well-developed; Gradually practiced, as taught by the Buddha; He illuminates this world, like the moon freed from clouds. "Āna" means in-breath, not out-breath. "Apāna" means out-breath, not in-breath. Mindfulness is established by means of the in-breath, mindfulness is established by means of the out-breath. For one who breathes in, it is established; for one who breathes out, it is established. "Complete" means complete by way of comprehension, complete by way of encompassing, complete by way of fulfillment. "Well-developed" means four kinds of development – development by way of not transgressing the states that have arisen there, development by way of the singleness of taste of the faculties, development by way of carrying the associated energy, development by way of repeated practice. These four aspects of development... are made a vehicle, made a basis, established, familiarized, well-commenced. "Made a vehicle" means wherever one desires, there one attains mastery, attains power, attains confidence. For me, those states are bound to attention, bound to aspiration, bound to mental application, bound to the arising of thought. Therefore it is said, "made a vehicle." "Made a basis" means in whatever basis the mind is well-determined, in that basis mindfulness is well-established. Or in whatever basis mindfulness is well-established, in that basis the mind is well-determined. Therefore it is said, "made a basis." "Established" means in the basis, wherever one directs the mind, there mindfulness follows along. Or wherever mindfulness follows along, there one directs the mind. Therefore it is said, "established." "Familiarized" means familiarized in the sense of grasping, familiarized in the sense of encompassing, familiarized in the sense of fulfilling. Grasping with mindfulness, one conquers evil unwholesome states. Therefore it is said, "familiarized." "Well-commenced" means four ways of being well-commenced: well-commenced in the sense of not transgressing the states that have arisen there, well-commenced in the sense of the faculties being of one taste, well-commenced in the sense of carrying on the corresponding effort, well-commenced because the opposing defilements are well-uprooted. 161. "Well-commenced" means there is "equal," there is "well-equal." What is "equal"? Those blameless wholesome states conducive to enlightenment that have arisen there—this is "equal." What is "well-equal"? The cessation, Nibbāna, which is the object of those states—this is "well-equal." Thus, this "equal" and this "well-equal" are known, seen, understood, realized, touched by wisdom. Effort is aroused, not slack; mindfulness is established, not confused; the body is tranquil, not agitated. The mind is concentrated, one-pointed. Therefore it is called "well-undertaken." Gradually familiarized: By means of long in-breaths, the former are familiarized, the latter are not yet familiarized. By means of long out-breaths, the former are familiarized, the latter are not yet familiarized. By means of short in-breaths, the former are familiarized, the latter are not yet familiarized. By means of short out-breaths, the former are familiarized, the latter are not yet familiarized. ... By contemplating relinquishment with in-breaths, the former are familiarized, the latter are not yet familiarized. By contemplating relinquishment with out-breaths, the former are familiarized, the latter are not yet familiarized. All sixteen-object mindfulness of breathing practices are mutually familiarized and not yet familiarized. Therefore it is called "gradually familiarized." Thus there are ten true meanings: The true meaning of self-taming, the true meaning of self-pacification, the true meaning of self-final-nibbana, the true meaning of direct knowledge, the true meaning of full understanding, the true meaning of abandoning, the true meaning of development, the true meaning of realization, the true meaning of penetrating the truths, the true meaning of establishing in cessation. Buddha means that Blessed One, self-existent, without a teacher, who himself fully awakened to the truths in doctrines unheard before, and there attained omniscience, and mastery in the powers. 162. By what meaning is he called Buddha? Because he has awakened to the truths – he is Buddha. Because he awakens beings – he is Buddha. By omniscience – he is Buddha. By all-seeingness – he is Buddha. By not being led by others – he is Buddha. By being undefiled – he is Buddha. By being called one whose taints are destroyed – he is Buddha. By being called one who is without defilements – he is Buddha. By being utterly free from lust – he is Buddha. By being utterly free from hatred – he is Buddha. By being utterly free from delusion – he is Buddha. By being utterly without defilements – he is Buddha. By having gone the one-way path – he is Buddha. The one, the unsurpassed Perfect Self-Awakened He who has fully awakened with wisdom – is a Buddha. Because ignorance is destroyed, and wisdom is attained – he is a Buddha. This name 'Buddha' was not made by a mother, nor made by a father, nor made by a brother, nor made by a sister, nor made by friends and associates, nor made by relatives and kinsmen, nor made by ascetics and brahmins, nor made by deities. This is a true designation, for the Buddhas, the Blessed Ones, at the foot of the Bodhi tree, with the attainment of omniscience, leading to liberation – that is 'Buddha'. 'Taught' means the true meaning of self-taming, as taught by the Buddha. The true meaning of self-calming, as taught by the Buddha. The true meaning of self-final-nibbāna, as taught by the Buddha. ...and so on... The true meaning of establishing in cessation, as taught by the Buddha. 'He' means either a householder or one gone forth. 'World' means: the world of aggregates, the world of elements, the world of sense-bases, the world of unfortunate existence, the world of unfortunate becoming, the world of fortunate existence, the world of fortunate becoming. One world: all beings subsist on food. ...and so on... Eighteen worlds: the eighteen elements. 'He illuminates' means: because he has fully awakened to the true meaning of self-taming. He illuminates, shines upon, and radiates light upon this world. Because he has fully awakened to the true meaning of self-calming. He illuminates, shines upon, and radiates light upon this world. Because he has fully awakened to the true meaning of self-final-nibbāna. He illuminates, shines upon, and radiates light upon this world. ...and so on... Because he has fully awakened to the true meaning of establishing in cessation. He illuminates, shines upon, and radiates light upon this world. 'Like the moon freed from clouds' means: Just as there are clouds, so there are defilements. Just as there is the moon, so there is noble wisdom. Just as there is the moon, the son of devas, so there is the bhikkhu. Just as the moon, freed from clouds, freed from mist, freed from smoke and dust, freed from Rahu's grasp, shines, glows, and radiates, even so, the bhikkhu, freed from all defilements, shines, glows, and radiates. Therefore it is said: "Like the moon freed from clouds." These are the thirteen knowledges of discernment. The fourth section is the exposition of the knowledge of discernment. Recitation section. 5. Exposition of the knowledge of mindful action 163. What are the thirty-two knowledges of one who acts mindfully? Here, a monk, having gone to the forest, or to the root of a tree, or to an empty dwelling, sits down, having folded his legs crosswise, having set his body erect, and having established mindfulness in front of him. He breathes in mindfully, he breathes out mindfully. Breathing in a long breath, he understands, "I breathe in a long breath." Breathing out a long breath, he understands, "I breathe out a long breath." Breathing in a short breath, he understands, "I breathe in a short breath." Breathing out a short breath, he understands, "I breathe out a short breath." He trains himself, "I shall breathe in experiencing the whole body." He trains himself, "I shall breathe out experiencing the whole body." He trains himself, "I shall breathe in tranquilizing the bodily formation." He trains himself, "I shall breathe out tranquilizing the bodily formation.