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incapable of future arising, I declare, I explain, I teach, I make known, I establish, I reveal, I analyze, I clarify, I make manifest. I do not say that all recluses and brahmins are delighted, the Blessed One is enveloped by birth and old age, I declare. Those who here abandon all that is seen or heard or sensed, or even virtue and vows— those who abandon, give up, relinquish, remove, make an end of, make non-existent all purifications by seeing. Those who abandon all purifications by hearing... Those who abandon all purifications by sensing, those who abandon all purifications by seeing, hearing, and sensing, those who abandon all purifications by virtue, those who abandon all purifications by vows, those who abandon, give up, relinquish, remove, make an end of, make non-existent all purifications by virtue and vows— those who here abandon all that is seen or heard or sensed, or even virtue and vows. Abandoning all of various forms— abandoning, giving up, relinquishing, removing, making an end of, making non-existent purification, purity, complete purity, liberation, complete liberation, perfect liberation by various kinds of omens and auspicious signs— abandoning all of various forms. Having fully understood craving, they are taintless, those indeed are men who have crossed the flood, I declare. Craving means craving for forms, craving for sounds, craving for odors, craving for tastes, craving for tangibles, craving for mental objects. Having fully understood craving means having fully understood craving by three full understandings: by the full understanding of knowing, by the full understanding of scrutinizing, by the full understanding of abandoning. What is the full understanding of knowing? One knows, one perceives craving: "This is craving for forms, this is craving for sounds, this is craving for odors, this is craving for tastes, this is craving for tangibles, this is craving for mental objects." This is the full understanding of knowing. What is the full understanding of scrutinizing? Having thus known, one scrutinizes craving as impermanent, as suffering, as a disease, as a boil... as an escape. This is the full understanding of scrutinizing. What is the full understanding of abandoning? Having thus scrutinized, one abandons craving, removes, makes an end of... It makes it disappear, brings it to a state of non-existence. This was said by the Blessed One: "Monks, whatever is the desire-passion for craving, abandon that. Thus that craving will be abandoned, uprooted, made like a palm-stump, brought to a state of non-existence, not liable to arise again in the future." This is the full understanding of abandoning. "By fully understanding craving" means having fully understood craving with these three full understandings. "Without defilements" refers to the four defilements: the defilement of sensual desire, the defilement of existence, the defilement of views, the defilement of ignorance. For whom these defilements are abandoned, uprooted, made like a palm-stump, brought to a state of non-existence, not liable to arise again in the future, they are called undefiled ones, Arahants, those whose defilements are destroyed—having fully understood craving, they are undefiled. "Those indeed are the persons I declare to have crossed the flood" means those who, having fully understood craving, are undefiled. They have crossed the flood of sensual desire, crossed the flood of existence, crossed the flood of views, crossed the flood of ignorance, crossed the entire path of transmigration, crossed over, completely crossed over, transcended, fully transcended, overcome. I declare, I explain, I teach, I make known, I establish, I reveal, I analyze, I make clear, I make manifest. "Those indeed are the persons I declare to have crossed the flood, who, having fully understood craving, are undefiled." Therefore, the Blessed One said: "I do not say that all ascetics and brahmins, [said the Blessed One] Are covered by birth and aging; But those who here abandon all That is seen or heard or sensed, Or even moral practices and vows, And all diverse forms, Having fully understood craving, are undefiled; Those indeed are the persons I declare to have crossed the flood." 52. "I rejoice in this word of the Great Seer, Well-proclaimed by Gotama, the one without substratum; Those who here abandon all That is seen or heard or sensed, Or even moral practices and vows, And all diverse forms, Having fully understood craving, are undefiled; I too declare them to have crossed the flood." "I rejoice in this word of the Great Seer." This, your word, your declaration, teaching, instruction, admonition, I delight in, I rejoice in, I am pleased with, I approve of, I wish for, I accept, I long for, I desire, I aspire to. "Why is the Blessed One called the Great Seer?" Because he sought, searched for, investigated the great aggregate of virtue, therefore he is the Great Seer... etc. "Where is the Best of Men?" Thus said the Great Seer. I rejoice in the Great Seer's word. Well-proclaimed is Gotama's freedom from upadhi. "Well-proclaimed" means: well-proclaimed, well-taught, well-shown, well-established, well-set forth, well-opened, well-divided, well-made clear, well-revealed. "Gotama's freedom from upadhi" means: Upadhi are called defilements, and aggregates, and volitional formations. The abandonment of upadhi, the appeasement of upadhi, the relinquishment of upadhi, the subsidence of upadhi, the deathless, Nibbana— thus well-proclaimed is Gotama's freedom from upadhi. "Those who here having abandoned all that is seen, or heard, or cognized, or even moral practices and vows"— means those who having abandoned all purifications by views, having given up, having completely given up, having removed, having made an end of, having brought to non-existence. Those who having abandoned all purifications by hearing, having given up, having completely given up, having removed, having made an end of, having brought to non-existence... ...those who having abandoned all purifications by cognizing, having given up, having completely given up, having removed, having made an end of, having brought to non-existence... ...those who having abandoned all purifications by seeing, hearing, and cognizing, having given up, having completely given up, having removed, having made an end of, having brought to non-existence... ...those who having abandoned all purifications by moral practices, having given up, having completely given up, having removed, having made an end of, having brought to non-existence... ...those who having abandoned all purifications by vows, having given up, having completely given up, having removed, having made an end of, having brought to non-existence... ...those who having abandoned all purifications by moral practices and vows, having given up, having completely given up, having removed, having made an end of, having brought to non-existence— "Those who here having abandoned all that is seen, or heard, or cognized, or even moral practices and vows." "Having abandoned all even of manifold forms"— means having abandoned purity, purification, complete purification, release, liberation, complete liberation by various kinds of curious and auspicious rites, having given up, having completely given up, having removed, having made an end of, having brought to non-existence— "Having abandoned all even of manifold forms." "Having fully understood craving, you are without defilements. I declare you to have crossed the flood." "Craving" means: craving for forms, craving for sounds, craving for odors, craving for tastes, craving for tangibles, craving for mental objects. "Having fully understood craving" means: having fully known craving by three full understandings— by the full understanding of knowing, by the full understanding of scrutinizing, by the full understanding of abandoning. What is the full understanding of knowing? One knows craving: "This is craving for forms, this is craving for sounds, this is craving for odors, this is craving for tastes, this is craving for tangibles, this is craving for mental objects." One knows, one sees— this is the full understanding of knowing. What is the full understanding of scrutinizing? Having thus known, one scrutinizes craving... as impermanent, as suffering, as a disease, as a boil, as a dart, as an affliction, as an ailment, as alien, as disintegrating, as a plague, as a disaster, as a terror, as a danger, as wavering, as perishable, as impermanent, as having no refuge, as having no shelter, as having no protection, as having no ultimate protection, as empty, as vain, as void, as not-self, as full of peril, as subject to change, as having no essence, as the root of evil, as a slayer, as a destroyer, as tainted, as conditioned, as the bait of Māra, as subject to birth, as subject to aging, as subject to sickness, as subject to death, as subject to sorrow, lamentation, pain, displeasure, and despair, as subject to defilement, as arising, as ceasing, as gratification, as peril, as escape— thus one discerns. This is discernment by comprehension. What is discernment by abandonment? Having thus discerned, one abandons craving, removes it, eradicates it, brings it to an end. This is discernment by abandonment. “Having fully understood craving” means having fully understood craving by these three discernments. “Untainted” means the four taints: the taint of sensual desire, the taint of existence, the taint of views, the taint of ignorance. Those whose taints are abandoned, uprooted, made like a palm-stump, brought to an end, no longer subject to future arising, they are called untainted Arahants, whose taints are destroyed. “Having fully understood craving, you are untainted, I too have crossed the flood.