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they move, they conduct themselves, they maintain, they pass, they spend – "Are those, O Blessed One, restrained in that?" "Have they crossed birth and old age, dear sir?" They have crossed, they have surmounted, they have overcome, they have transcended, they have gone beyond birth, old age, and death. "Dear sir" is an affectionate address, a respectful address, a term of respect and reverence – "dear sir" – "Have they crossed birth and old age, dear sir?" "I ask you, O Blessed One, tell me." "I ask you" means I ask you, I beg you, I request you, "Tell me" – I ask you. "Blessed One" means... ...a true designation, namely, "Blessed One." "B" Speak, explain, teach, declare, establish, reveal, analyze, clarify, make known, proclaim! I ask you, Blessed One, speak to me of this. Therefore, that brahmin said: “Whatever ascetics and brahmins there are, [thus spoke the venerable Nanda] Who declare purity by what is seen and heard; Who declare purity by virtue and vows, who declare purity in many ways. “Have they, Blessed One, striving and living there, Crossed over birth and old age, dear sir? I ask you, Blessed One, speak to me of this.” 49. Whatever ascetics and brahmins there are, [Nanda, said the Blessed One] Who declare purity by what is seen and heard; Who declare purity by virtue and vows, who declare purity in many ways; Even though they strive and live there, I say they have not crossed over birth and old age. “Whatever ascetics and brahmins there are.” “Whatever” is a word that means entirely, completely, in every way, without remainder, without exception, all-encompassing – “whatever.” “Ascetics” are those who have gone forth into homelessness outside of this teaching, who have become wanderers. “Brahmins” are those who are called “bhovādika” (those who address others with “bho”) – “whatever ascetics and brahmins there are.” “Nanda, said the Blessed One.” The Blessed One addresses that brahmin by name, “Nanda.” “Blessed One” is a term of respect… (rest omitted) …a true designation, namely, “Blessed One” – “Nanda, said the Blessed One.” “Who declare purity by what is seen and heard” means they declare, explain, speak, illuminate, and use the term purity, purification, complete purification, liberation, complete liberation, ultimate liberation by what is seen; and by what is heard, purity… (rest omitted) …they declare, explain, speak, illuminate, and use the term purity, purification, complete purification, liberation, complete liberation, ultimate liberation by what is seen and heard – “who declare purity by what is seen and heard.” “Who declare purity by virtue and vows” means they declare, explain, speak, illuminate, and use the term purity, purification, complete purification, liberation, complete liberation, ultimate liberation by virtue; and by vows, purity… (rest omitted) …use the term; and by virtue and vows, purity, purification, complete purification, liberation, complete liberation, ultimate liberation. they speak of liberation, declare, proclaim, reveal, express— they speak of purity even by virtue and vows. They speak of purity in many forms— they speak of purity, purification, thorough purification, release, liberation, complete liberation by many kinds of curious and auspicious practices, they declare, proclaim, reveal, express— they speak of purity in many forms. "Though they are devoted there, they practice." "Though" is a conjunction of words, a connection of words, a completion of words, a combination of letters, a coherence of consonants, a sequence of words— this is "though." "They" are those holding to views. "There" means in their own view, their own acceptance, their own liking, their own doctrine. "Devoted" means devoted, prepared, guarded, protected, watched over, restrained. "Practice" means they practice, dwell, move, behave, maintain, sustain, live— "though they are devoted there, they practice." "They have not crossed birth and aging, I say." They have not crossed, not gone beyond, not passed over, not overcome, not transcended birth, aging, and death. They are not departed, not escaped, not gone beyond, not overcome, not transcended birth, aging, and death. They revolve within birth, aging, and death. They revolve within the path of transmigration. They are followed by birth, afflicted by aging, overcome by sickness, struck down by death, without refuge, without shelter, without protection, without a protector— I say, I declare, I teach, I explain, I establish, I open, I analyze, I make clear, I reveal— "they have not crossed birth and aging, I say." Therefore, the Blessed One said: "Whatever ascetics and brahmins there are, (Nanda, says the Blessed One) Who speak of purity even by what is seen and heard; Who speak of purity even by virtue and vows, Who speak of purity in many forms; Though they are devoted there, they practice, They have not crossed birth and aging, I say." 50. "Whatever ascetics and brahmins there are, (Thus spoke venerable Nanda) Who speak of purity even by what is seen and heard; Who speak of purity even by virtue and vows, Who speak of purity in many forms. If you, sage, say they have not crossed the flood, Then who indeed in the world of gods and humans; He has crossed birth and old age, friend. I ask you, Blessed One, tell me this. "Whatever ascetics and brahmins there are." " 'Whatever' means all, entirely, in every way, completely, without remainder, without exception; this is a word that encompasses all – 'whatever'." " 'Ascetics' means whatever ones from outside this [teaching] have gone forth, having become wanderers." " 'Brahmins' means whatever ones are 'bhovādikas' (those who address others with 'bho') – 'whatever ascetics and brahmins there are'." "Thus Venerable Nanda. 'Thus' is a word-junction... (etc.) ... Thus Venerable Nanda." "They declare purity even by what is seen and heard." Even by what is seen, they declare, speak, say, explain, proclaim purity, purification, complete purity, release, liberation, complete liberation; even by what is heard, purity... (etc.) ... even by what is seen and heard, they declare, speak, say, explain, proclaim purity, purification, complete purity, release, liberation, complete liberation – "they declare purity even by what is seen and heard." "They declare purity even by moral practices and vows." Even by moral practices, they declare, speak, say, explain, proclaim purity, purification, complete purity, release, liberation, complete liberation; even by vows, purity... (etc.) ... proclaim; even by moral practices and vows, they declare, speak, say, explain, proclaim purity, purification, complete purity, release, liberation, complete liberation – "they declare purity even by moral practices and vows." "They declare purity in many ways." By various kinds of curious rites and auspicious ceremonies, they declare, speak, say, explain, proclaim purity, purification, complete purity, release, liberation, complete liberation – "they declare purity in many ways." "If you say these sages have not crossed the flood." " 'These' refers to those holding views." " 'Sage' is said to be wisdom... (etc.) ... having gone beyond the net of attachment, that one is a sage." " 'You say they have not crossed the flood' means those who have not crossed, not overcome, not surmounted, not gone beyond the flood of sensual desire, the flood of becoming, the flood of views, the flood of ignorance; those who revolve within birth, old age, and death; those who revolve within the path of transmigration; those who are followed by birth, entangled by old age, overwhelmed by sickness, struck down by death; those without protection, without refuge, without shelter, without sh..." Subtle ones. "Brūsi" means: you explain, you teach, you make known, you establish, you reveal, you analyze, you make clear, you proclaim. If you speak of those sages who have crossed the flood. Then who, in the world of gods and humans, Has crossed birth and old age, dear sir? This means: who is it, in this world with its gods, Māras, Brahmās, with its population of ascetics and brahmins, of gods and humans, who has crossed, gone beyond, traversed, overcome, transcended birth, old age, and death? "Mārisa" is a term of endearment, a term of respect, a term of reverence and deference, "mārisa." Then who, in the world of gods and humans, Has crossed birth and old age, dear sir? I ask you, Blessed One, tell me this. "I ask you" means: I ask you, I beg you, I request you, I entreat you. "Bhagavā" is a term of respect... a true designation, namely, Bhagavā. "Tell me this" means: tell, explain, teach, make known, establish, reveal, analyze, make clear, proclaim. I ask you, Blessed One, tell me this. Therefore, that brahmin said – Whatever ascetics and brahmins there are, [thus spoke the venerable Nanda] They speak of purity through what is seen and heard; They speak of purity through virtue and vows, They speak of purity in many ways. If you speak of those sages who have crossed the flood, Then who, in the world of gods and humans; Has crossed birth and old age, dear sir? I ask you, Blessed One, tell me this. 51. Not all ascetics and brahmins, [Nanda, said the Blessed One] Do I say are covered by birth and old age; But those here who have abandoned all That is seen, heard, or sensed, Or virtue and vows. And have abandoned all the many forms, Having fully understood craving, Who are without defilements; Those indeed are the people Who have crossed the flood, I say. Not all ascetics and brahmins, Nanda, said the Blessed One, do I say are covered by birth and old age. I do not say, Nanda, that all ascetics and brahmins are covered, enveloped, concealed, hidden, obscured, obstructed by birth and old age. There are those ascetics and brahmins for whom birth and old age and death have been abandoned. uprooted, made like a palm-stump, made non-existent,